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Колониальная организация и межклеточная коммуникация у микроорганизмов

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This review covers the modern concepts and recent data demonstrating the integrity and coherence of microbial populations (colonies, bio-films, etc.) as peculiar "superorganisms. Special attention is given to such relevant phenomena as apoptosis, bacterial altruism, quorum effects, collective differentiation of microbial cells, and formation of population-level structures such as extracellular matrix. Emphasis is placed on the channels and agents of intercellular communication in a microbial population. The involvement of a large number of evolution-conserved communicational facilities and patterns of intercellular interactions is underscored. Much attention is also given to the role of colony organization and intercellular communication in "parasite/commensal/symbiont-multicellular host organism" systems.

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E. coli " ", , [56, 58]. , "" , .. [59-61].

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, "" . , , , E. coli , 4 [63]. , lit 4, , EF-Tu [64]. prrC , . stp 4 [63]. rex 4 , , , rII [65].

, , ( rex ( ) [63]. , "" , , , , "" "". (, ) , .. [66].

, (). 100 . , , , , . 1988 . . [34] , . 80- , , - .. , .. - . (., [67, 68]). (), , , ( d2 [68]). 80- .. " " [69].

90- " " . , , [1, 8-15, 70]:

; , - . ( ). , - [4, 5]. 1) () ; 2) ; 3) . , , " ".

. - , . , . , Myxococcus xanthus ( Dictyostellium discoideum). , . , 6 , , ( csgA) [10, 71, 72]. csgA , M. anthus; . 16 , [72].

, , , , , . , M. xanthus IV ( IV Pseudomonas aeruginosa Neisseria gonorhoeae, [73]), - - [1, 73, 74]. S (social) , , . (adventurous) , .

(trails) , , -"", [75]. , , - ("") [76]. , ( "") . , Neisseria gonorrhoeae [1]. , , Dictyostellium discoideum, . , : , , PsA, ( ) e MUD9 [77].

" ". ( [4, 5, 78]), , " " . : 1) , - ; 2) , Enterococcus, Streptomyces, .; 3) , (E. coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Myxococcus xanthus) Proteus mirabilis.

1. - ( "luxI-luxR"). , . Vibrio fischeri [8, 12, 70]. - , . . , , ( 102 / [70]). V. fischeri V. fischeri, - Euprymna scolopes, 1010-1011 / [70]. , -, ", , , ; , , , , . , " [10, P.69]. V. fischeri . , V. fischeri, , , V. fischeri . "luxI luxR" [12, 69, 70], - .

2 . luxICDABEG, :

lux R, LuxR (250 ) 3-. LuxR-3- luxICDABEG . 3- luxICDABEG "" . LuxR 3- , , luxR, . V. fischeri 3- "": LuxR luxI, .. 3- [10, 12, 70], LuxR lux V. fischeri. .

luxI-luxR ( ) - (). . - . , , V. fischeri - ainI-ainR (AinR), N--L- [8].

, - N-(3-)-L- ( AI-2) Vibrio harveyi. , (LuxR), V. harveyi (LuxO). : N-(3-)-L- LuxN, a AI-2 LuxP LuxQ, . , LuxO , , [79].

Erwinia (E. carotovora, E. chrysanthemii .) , . . Erwinia - .[12, 70, 80]. , , . Erwinia expI-expR, luxI-luxR V. fischeri. ExpI, LuxI, 3- ( V. fischeri). Erwinia V. fischeri, , lux V. fischeri, luxI, - E. carotovora [80].

E. carotovora, expI-expR, carI-carR. carI-carR , E. carotovora, . carI-carR E. carotovora -, - E. carotovora [12, 70].

3- - , E. chrysanthemii [80] (. ). , - , ( CRP [80]; V. fischeri). - , , , .

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (" "), E. carotovora, , ( LasA LasB, ), - . [70, 82]; : lasI-lasR vsmI-vsmR.

V. fisheri, E. carotovora P. aeruginosa , ( ) , . / () .

-, ( ) luxI-luxR. , swr - Serratia liquefaciens. , - swr - ( Pseudomonas aeruginosa), [84].

- luxI-luxR . , () , . , . , Pseudomonas aeruginosa N-(3-)-- -8, , [8].

-, , . , phzI-phzR Pseudomonas aureofaciens [12]. Streptomyces - , , . (γ- [12]. luxI-luxR . γ- (- S. griseus) , , [70]. ( ) . Rhizobium , N-(3R--7--)-L- [83].

, - , . "" , , , " ", " " . , , , . Delysea, [85].

, , , , /, . , [8]. , , , P. eruginosa Burkholderia cepacium [8].

2. - . "" - , Enterococcus faecalis [70, 86]. luxI-luxR, , -, . , - pAD1 , pCD1 , pCF10 E. faecalis [86].

(- ) (clumping) . , cPD1 pPD1. , - . , a pPD1 traA [86]. , . pPD1 traC, - , - ( traC [82]). , . - ; , . pPD1, , iPD1, cPD1 [69, 86].

Bacillus subtilis . - , pfrA (, 41 ). , , N- . (19 ) , (5) [87].

B. subtilis 5. RapA, . Spo0F Spo0A . , rapA - pfrA . PfrA 5 () , Spo0F Spo0A RapA . PfrA:PEP5 , , [72, 86].

, 5 - , . , ? [87]. , . .

, - B. subtilis Streptococcus pneumoniae ( Streptococcus, ), Staphylococcus aureus [72, 88]. , luxI-luxR, - / .

, , . , Rhizobium - (, .) ( 10 ), . , . ( ) ~5 , . ~20 [89]. - Volvox carteri 10-16 [14].

-, , (dormancy) [9, 14, 16]. , Micrococcus luteus, 3-6 , ; . , 20-30% , , M. luteus [14, 22].

3. - () . Myxococcus xanthus, (. ), , - [90] ( 3.108 ). [72, 90] [90]. sasSsasR, [72]. , [72].

- luxI-luxR , , . . . , .

- E. coli - [91]. ( , .) - 1) 2) . - , (, ) .

, , , - , , , [18, 19, 92-95]. , (5-), , . E. coli, Rhodospirillum rubrum Polyspondilum [18]. (10-710-5 ) [18, 95].

, . 99 - I II [92]. , E. coli ( ). [92] - . ( , ) . () (γ- , β-, .) [92, 93], / , , -, ( . . [19]).

- , . Bacillus cereus Staphylococcus aureus [96] ( . Enterococcus faecalis [95]), , Proteus vulgaris, Serratia marcescens, , Penicillum chrysogenum, [96].

, . , Rhodobacter sphaeroides γ- [97]. , , , , R. sphaeroides. - . M (NMDA-) [98]. , 2+ , , (. ). , , , , , [98].

, - . , . Nod, (. Rhizobium, - luxI-luxR ) -. nod. nodD, nod. ( Nod) Nod (2-5 ). , , , , [10, 99, 100].

, . , DG42, NodC Rhizobium, Xenopus . DG42 [101].

E. coli, Bacillus subtilis, Candida utilis , - , , N- [102-104]: 1) "m -" ( II), " , "; 2) ( I), N- ( C. utilis); 3) " " () [102-104]. , , E. coli B. subtilis C. utilis (, "m -" E. coli - B. subtilis) [104].

, , , . , , - / . , , , (), 2-, 22, . . , , , ; ; , (.. , ). , - - (. [19]).

. , . , Vibrio costicola , , [105]. , ; (.. , ). Bacillus carbonifillus , ( ); , , [106, 107]. : 1) [105] ( , . ); 2) [106, 107].

, - " " . , , ( )[108, 109]. ( , ) , , . - ( , , , ), . .

. , , , . , "" , -, . - , - (. ).

- , / "", , , . , - "" .

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