, (,
- .) "". , ,
, , ,
. -
, "//
-".
This review covers the modern concepts and recent data demonstrating the integrity and coherence of microbial populations (colonies,
bio-films, etc.) as peculiar "superorganisms. Special attention is given to such relevant phenomena as apoptosis, bacterial altruism, quorum effects,
collective differentiation of microbial cells, and formation of population-level structures such as extracellular matrix. Emphasis is placed on
the channels and agents of intercellular communication in a microbial population. The involvement of a large number of evolution-conserved
communicational facilities and patterns of intercellular interactions is underscored. Much attention is also given to the role of colony organization
and intercellular communication in "parasite/commensal/symbiont-multicellular host organism" systems.
,
. (, )
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;
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[6].
[3, 4, 7],
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- (., , [1, 8-16]),
-
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" [17, . 143].
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.. . (. [14]). , / ,
. ( ),
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[18, 19]. ( -)
() -.
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. "
. , , , -,
, ." [1, p.598].
("" [3, 4, 19, 20]) , ()
, , , . .
. "" [1, 21] .. [6].
1) ; 2) 3) [17].
.. . , 3-6 Micrococcus luteus ,
, ( 123)
[14, 22-24].
, ( ).
( , ) . , Escherichia coli [1, 25] Shigella
flexneri [21] : 1) ( 6 E. coli [25]); 2) , ,
-, ( [21]), ;
E. coli 16 [25]; 3) (40 E. coli), E. coli
( 1-3 ),
(40 E. coli), [25]. , β-
E. coli lac Z : β- ,
, ( ) β-, β-
. , β- ,
[25]. Vibrio cholera 1920 . [26].
, ""
.
(). , ( ) ,
-. " ",
[27]. Alcaligenes sp., d2, ,
(" "), "" . ,
2 (), . . [28-30].
, , .
, , , , ,
. R-, S- -, (,
R- , S- [31]), , (R- S-)
- (-) . .
S- , [31]. R-,
,
. - [32].
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. (, E. coli 9) [33].
2,3,5- ,
( ) .
[33]. [1, 34] E. coli, ,
b - ( , ).
, , (
, , ),
, . ,
, [35].
, . , E. coli
( ) - I . ,
: 2-4 , [36].
, ( 2 ) , , -,
[36]. ,
, "" "" ,
[1] ( . ).
, [34],
.. ( ), ( " ").
(, . Proteus, Serratia Salmonella, E. coli),
[37] -- .
: 1) (- );
2) ; 3) ""
( ) [38].
" " , , Proteus
mirabilis - "" ,
. Serratia liquefaciens ,
[39] ( , . ).
,
[40].
- . , - ,
[40, 41]. Serratia marcescens
[42]. , ()
[43].
, , ,
. , , , "" [1].
. ,
. , :
1) 2) , .
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(, .), ( ) [44].
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( ).
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- .
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)
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aeruginosa) .
, ,
L- [47]. "", ,
,
[47].
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,
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.).
, , -, -
[48].
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,
,
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; ,
, ,
.
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" [49, .222].
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, , " [8, p.184].
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. , , .
. , ;
, , , .
, , . -
, ( ),
, [50, 51]. ,
. , ,
- , .
Apaf1, -9, -9. [50, 51].
, .
Dictyostellium discoideum. D. discoideum
( [4, 5]).
, . ̸
[52, 53]. .
, ( ) DIF (1-(3,5--2,6--4-)-1-) [52, 53].
, (
) [54].
E. coli (, ).
"" [55] (. [4]). E. coli
, ,
[55]. [56,
57]. E. coli mazE mazF. mazF , mazE
, clp PA MazF. ,
rel, Rel A . maz,
. MazF ,
MazE [56, 57]. ,
, (addiction modules).
E. coli " ",
, [56, 58].
,
"" , .. [59-61].
,
[62]. ,
, . , "" ,
, ( , ).
" " (kin altruism) , ,
" " [62].
, (
), . , -, (,
D. discoideum) . ,
, "" [9, 58].
, ""
. , , , E. coli
, 4 [63]. , lit
4, , EF-Tu [64]. prrC
, . stp 4 [63]. rex
4 , ,
, rII [65].
, , ( rex
( ) [63]. , "" ,
, , ,
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(, ) , .. [66].
, ().
100 . , , ,
, . 1988 . . [34] ,
. 80- , , -
.. , .. - . (., [67, 68]). (),
, , ( d2 [68]).
80- .. " " [69].
90- " " . ,
, [1, 8-15, 70]:
- (Vibrio fischeri, V.
harveyi).
-
- Enterococcus faecalis
, Agrobacterium
- - Proteus Serratia
-
(Erwinia carotovora, E. hyacinthii .) (Pseudomonas
aeruginosa) .
- Streptomyces Erwinia
carotovora
-
-
; , - .
( ).
, -
[4, 5]. 1) () ;
2) ; 3) . , ,
" ".
. - ,
. ,
. , Myxococcus xanthus
( Dictyostellium discoideum).
, . , 6
, , (
csgA) [10, 71, 72]. csgA ,
M. anthus; . 16 ,
[72].
, ,
, , , . , M. xanthus
IV ( IV Pseudomonas aeruginosa Neisseria gonorhoeae,
[73]), - - [1,
73, 74]. S (social) , ,
. (adventurous) ,
.
(trails)
, , -"",
[75]. , , -
("") [76]. , ( "")
. , Neisseria gonorrhoeae [1].
, , Dictyostellium discoideum,
. , : ,
, PsA, ( ) e MUD9 [77].
" ".
( [4, 5, 78]), ,
" " . : 1) ,
- ; 2) , Enterococcus,
Streptomyces, .; 3) ,
(E. coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Myxococcus xanthus) Proteus mirabilis.
1. - ( "luxI-luxR").
, .
Vibrio fischeri [8, 12, 70]. -
, . . , , ( 102 /
[70]). V. fischeri V. fischeri,
- Euprymna scolopes, 1010-1011 /
[70]. , -, ", ,
, ; , , , ,
. , " [10, P.69].
V. fischeri . , V. fischeri,
, , V. fischeri .
"luxI luxR" [12, 69, 70],
- .
2 . luxICDABEG,
:
- luxI (LuxI, 193 ),
, V.
fischeri ()
. S-
3-- N-(3-)-L-
(3-).
- luxA luxB , ,
a b ( ,
).
- lux C,D, E (
,
)
- lux G (
, ).
lux R, LuxR (250 ) 3-. LuxR-3-
luxICDABEG . 3- luxICDABEG
"" . LuxR 3- , , luxR, .
V. fischeri 3- "":
LuxR luxI, .. 3- [10, 12, 70], LuxR lux
V. fischeri.
.
luxI-luxR ( ) -
().
.
- . , , V. fischeri
- ainI-ainR (AinR),
N--L- [8].
, - N-(3-)-L- ( AI-2)
Vibrio harveyi. ,
(LuxR), V. harveyi (LuxO).
: N-(3-)-L- LuxN, a AI-2 LuxP LuxQ, .
, LuxO , ,
[79].
Erwinia (E. carotovora, E. chrysanthemii .) , .
. Erwinia
- .[12, 70, 80]. ,
, . Erwinia
expI-expR, luxI-luxR V. fischeri. ExpI, LuxI,
3- ( V. fischeri). Erwinia V. fischeri,
, lux V. fischeri, luxI, - E. carotovora [80].
E. carotovora, expI-expR, carI-carR. carI-carR
, E. carotovora, .
carI-carR E. carotovora -,
- E. carotovora [12, 70].
3- - , E. chrysanthemii [80] (. ). , -
, ( CRP [80];
V. fischeri). - , , ,
.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (" "), E. carotovora,
, ( LasA LasB, ), - .
[70, 82]; : lasI-lasR vsmI-vsmR.
V. fisheri, E. carotovora P. aeruginosa ,
( ) , .
/ () .
- . Rhizobium. , R.
leguminosarum bv. viciae
.
- rhiI-rhiR
rhiABC .
, .
, R. etli
raiI-raiR,
- (
, ) [83].
- Agrobacterium tumefaciens,
.
Ti-. Ti- ,
A. tumefaciens.
luxI-luxR traI-traR
Ti- .
traI-traR , ,
"addiction modules" (. 1),
" " . .
,
"",
! [13].
Ti- , ,
(, - ).
, traR OccR,
( ) [70].
-, (
) luxI-luxR. , swr
- Serratia liquefaciens. , - swr
- ( Pseudomonas aeruginosa),
[84].
- luxI-luxR . ,
() , . ,
. , Pseudomonas aeruginosa N-(3-)--
-8, ,
[8].
-, , .
, phzI-phzR Pseudomonas aureofaciens [12]. Streptomyces
- , , .
(γ- [12]. luxI-luxR . γ- (-
S. griseus) , , [70].
( ) . Rhizobium ,
N-(3R--7--)-L- [83].
, - ,
. "" , , ,
" ", " " . , , ,
. Delysea,
[85].
, , , ,
/, . ,
[8]. , , , P.
eruginosa Burkholderia cepacium [8].
2. - . "" -
, Enterococcus faecalis [70, 86].
luxI-luxR, ,
-, . , - pAD1
, pCD1 , pCF10 E. faecalis [86].
(- ) (clumping)
. , cPD1 pPD1. ,
- . , a pPD1 traA [86].
, . pPD1 traC,
- , - (
traC [82]). , . - ;
, . pPD1, , iPD1, cPD1 [69, 86].
Bacillus subtilis
. - , pfrA
(, 41 ). , ,
N- . (19 ) ,
(5) [87].
B. subtilis 5.
RapA, .
Spo0F Spo0A . ,
rapA - pfrA .
PfrA 5 () , Spo0F Spo0A
RapA . PfrA:PEP5 , ,
[72, 86].
, 5 - ,
. ,
? [87]. ,
.
.
, - B. subtilis Streptococcus
pneumoniae ( Streptococcus,
), Staphylococcus aureus [72, 88]. , luxI-luxR,
- / .
, , . ,
Rhizobium - (, .) ( 10 ),
. , . ( )
~5 , .
~20 [89]. - Volvox
carteri 10-16
[14].
-, , (dormancy)
[9, 14, 16]. , Micrococcus luteus, 3-6 ,
; . , 20-30% , ,
M. luteus [14, 22].
3. - () . Myxococcus xanthus,
(. ), , -
[90] ( 3.108 ).
[72, 90] [90].
sasSsasR, [72]. ,
[72].
- luxI-luxR , ,
. . .
, .
- E. coli -
[91]. ( , .) - 1)
2) . - ,
(, ) .
, , , - ,
, , [18, 19, 92-95]. ,
(5-), , .
E. coli, Rhodospirillum rubrum Polyspondilum
[18]. (10-710-5 ) [18, 95].
,
. 99 - I II [92]. ,
E. coli ( ). [92]
- . (
, ) .
() (γ- , β-, .) [92, 93],
/ , , -, ( . .
[19]).
-
, .
Bacillus cereus Staphylococcus aureus [96] ( . Enterococcus
faecalis [95]), , Proteus vulgaris, Serratia marcescens, , Penicillum chrysogenum,
[96].
, . , Rhodobacter
sphaeroides γ- [97].
, , , , R.
sphaeroides. -
.
M (NMDA-) [98]. ,
2+ , ,
(. ). ,
, , , , [98].
, - .
, .
Nod, (. Rhizobium, - luxI-luxR )
-. nod.
nodD, nod. ( Nod)
Nod (2-5 ).
, , , ,
[10, 99, 100].
, . , DG42, NodC Rhizobium,
Xenopus . DG42
[101].
E. coli, Bacillus subtilis, Candida utilis ,
- , , N- [102-104]: 1) "m
-" ( II), "
, "; 2) ( I), N- ( C. utilis);
3) " " () [102-104]. ,
, E. coli B. subtilis C. utilis (, "m -" E. coli
- B. subtilis) [104].
, , , . ,
, -
/ . , , , (),
2-, 22, . . , ,
, ; ;
, (.. , ).
, - - (. [19]).
. ,
. , Vibrio costicola ,
, [105].
, ;
(.. , ). Bacillus carbonifillus
, ( ); ,
, [106, 107]. :
1) [105] ( , .
); 2) [106, 107].
, -
" " . ,
, ( )[108, 109]. (
, )
, , . -
( , , ,
), .
.
. ,
, ,
. , "" ,
-, . -
, - (. ).
- , / "",
, , .
, - ""
.
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