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Рациональные уравнения и неравенства

I. .

  1. .
  2. .
  3. , .
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  5. .
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  8. .
  9. .
  10. .
  11. .
  12. , .

II. .

  1. .
  2. .
  3. .
  4. - .
  5. , .
  6. .
  7. .
  8. .

III. .

P(x) = a0xn + a1xn 1 + a2xn 2 + + an 1x + an,

n , a0, a1,, an , .

P(x) = 0, P(x) , .

P1(x) / Q1(x) + P2(x) / Q2(x) + + Pm(x) / Qm(x) = 0,

P1(x), P2(x), ,Pm(x), Q1(x), Q2(x), , Qm(x) , .

P (x) / Q (x) = 0, P (x) Q (x) (Q (x) ¹ 0), P (x) = 0 , Q (x) ¹ 0.

.

ax+b=0, a b , .

a¹ 0, : x = -b /a.

a=0; b¹ 0, .

a=0; b=0, , ax = -b, , x .

: y = ax + b.

X0 Y0, , . . Y0 = aX0 + b.

1.1.

2x 3 + 4(x 1) = 5.

. , x: 2x 3 + 4x 4 = 5, 2x + 4x = 5 + 4 + 3,

6x = 12, x = 2.

: 2.

1.2.

2x 3 + 2(x 1) = 4(x 1) 7.

. 2x + 2x 4x = 3 +2 4 7, 0x = 6.

: Æ .

1.3. .

2x + 3 6(x 1) = 4(x 1) + 5.

. 2x 6x + 3 + 6 = 4 4x + 5,

4x + 9 = 9 4x,

-4x + 4x = 9 9,

0x = 0.

: .

.

a1x1 + a2x2 + + anxn = b,

a1, b1, ,an, b , n x1, x2, , xn.

, , , . n , :

  1. ;
  2. ;
  3. .

2.4.


. , , - , .

: x= (8 3y) / 2.


y = 2. x = 1.

: (1; 2).

2.5.


. , ( x + y = 3, x + y = 3,5).

: .

2.6.


. , 2 (.. ).

: .

2.7.


. , .

2 , , 3y + 6z = 3. y 2z = 1. , 7y = 7, y = 1.

,


y = 1 , z = 0. y =1 z = 0 , x = 1.

: (1; 1; 0).

2.8. a


?

. x:

x = (a / 2)y + a / 2 +1.

,

(a + 1)( (a / 2)y + a / 2 +1) + 2ay = 2a + 4.

2 :

(a + 1)(a + 2 ay) + 4ay = 4a + 8,

4ay a(a + 1)y = 4(a + 2) (a + 1)(a + 2),

ya(4 a 1 ) = (a + 2)(4 a 1),

ya(3 a) = (a + 2)(3 a).

, , a = 3 0y = 0, .. y.

: 3.

, .

ax2 + bx + c = 0, a, b c (a¹ 0);

x , .

.

ax2 + bx + c = 0 a .

x2 + (b / a)x + (c / a) = 0

x2 + (b / a) + (c / a) = (x2 + 2(b / 2a)x + (b / 2a)2) (b / 2a)2 + (c / a) =

= (x + (b / 2a))2 (b2) / (4a2) + (c / a) = (x + (b / 2a))2 ((b2 4ac) / (4a2)).

(b2 4ac) D.

x2 + (b / a)x + (c / a) = (x + (b / 2a))2 (D / (4a2)).

:

  1. D (D > 0), D D D = (Ö D)2.

    D / (4a2) = (Ö D)2 / (2a)2 = (Ö D / 2a)2,

    x2 + (b / a)x + (c / a) = (x + (b / 2a))2 (Ö D / 2a)2.

    :

    x2 + (b / a)x + (c / a) = (x + (b / 2a) (Ö D / 2a))(x + (b / 2a) + (Ö D / 2a)) =

    = (x (( -b + Ö D) / 2a)) (x (( b Ö D) / 2a)).

    :

    ax2 + bx + c = a(x x1)(x x2),

    ax2 + bx + c = 0 X1 ¹ X2 X1 X2, X1 = X2 X1.

    , , ,

    x2 + (b / a)x + (c / a) = 0,

    ax2 + bx + c = 0, :

    X1=(-b + Ö D) / 2a; X2= (-b - Ö D) / 2a.

    x2 + (b / a)x + (c / a) = (x x1)(x x2).

    :

    b2 4ac = D.

  2. D (D = 0),

x2 + (b / a)x + (c / a) = (x + (b / 2a))2 (D / (4a2))

x2 + (b / a)x + (c / a) = (x + (b / 2a))2.

, D = 0 ax2 + bx + c = 0 2: X1 = b / 2a

3) D (D < 0), D > 0,

x2 + (b / a)x + (c / a) = (x + (b / 2a))2 (D / (4a2))

, , . ,

x2 + (b / a)x + (c / a) = 0

. ax2 + bx + c = 0.

,

D = b2 4ac.

D = 0, :

X=-b / (2a).

D > 0, :

X1=(-b + Ö D) / (2a); X2= (-b - Ö D) / (2a).

D < 0, .

b c , , :

  1. b = 0; c ¹ 0; c / a <0; X1,2 = ± Ö (-c / a )
  2. b ¹ 0; c = 0; X1 = 0, X2= -b / a.

ax2 + bx + c = 0


, x2 1, . :

x2 + px + q = 0.

.

x2 + (b / a)x + (c / a) = (x x1)(x x2),

X1 X2 ax2 + bx + c =0. .

x2 + (b / a)x + (c / a) = x2 x1x x2x + x1x2 = x2 (x1 + x2)x +x1x2.

, X1 + X2 = b / a X1X2 = c / a. , . (1540 1603):

1 (). X, c X2; , X2.

2 ().

X1 + X2 = b / a X1X2 = c / a,

X1 X2 ax2 + bx + c = 0.

. X1 + X2 = b / a X1X2 = c / a , ax2 + bx + c = 0 X1 2, X2 = X1. , D = 0 ax2 + bx +c = 0 .

, ,

(1 / X1) + (1/ X2)= ( X1 + X2)/ X1X2 ;

X12 + X22 = (X1 + X2)2 2 X1X2;

X1 / X2 + X2 / X1 = (X12 + X2 2) / X1X2 = ((X1 + X2)2 2X1X2) / X1X2;

X13 + X23 = (X1 + X2)(X12 X1X2 + X22) =

= (X1 + X2)((X1 + X2)2 3X1X2).

3.9. 2x2 + 5x 1 = 0.

. D = 25 42( 1) = 33 >0;

X1 = (- 5 + Ö 33) / 4; X2 = (- 5 -Ö 33) / 4.

: X1 = (- 5 + Ö 33) / 4; X2 = (- 5 -Ö 33) / 4.

3.10. x3 5x2 + 6x = 0

. x(x2 5x + 6) = 0,

x = 0 x2 5x + 6 = 0.

, X1 = 2 , X2 = 3.

: 0; 2; 3.

3.11.

x3 3x + 2 = 0.

. , 3x = x 2x, x3 x 2x + 2 = 0,

x(x2 1) 2(x 1) = 0,

(x 1)(x(x + 1) 2) = 0,

x 1 = 0, x1 = 1,

x2 + x 2 = 0, x2 = 2, x3 = 1.

: x1 = x3 = 1, x2 = 2.

3.12.


. x:

X + 2 ¹ 0; x 6 ¹ 0; 2x 7 ¹ 0 x ¹ 2; x ¹ 6; x ¹ 3,5.

(7x 14)(x2 7x + 12) = (14 4x)(x2 4x 12), .

7x3 49x2 + 84x 14x2 + 98x 168 + 4x3 16x2 48x 14x2 + 56x + 168 = 0,

11x3 93x2 + 190x = 0,

x(11x2 93x + 190) = 0,

x1 = 0

11x2 93x + 190 = 0,


.. x1 = 5; x2 = 38 / 11.

.

: x1 = 0; x2 = 5; x3 = 38 / 11.

3.13. x6 5x3 + 4 = 0

. y = x3,

y2 5y + 4 = 0, Y1 = 1; Y2 = 4.

,

: x3 = 1 x3 = 4, . . X1 = 1 X2 = 3Ö 4

: 1; 3Ö 4.

3.14. (x3 27) / (x 3) = 27

. ( ):

(x 3)(x2 + 3x + 9) / (x 3) = 27 . :


x2 + 3 x 18 = 0 X1 = 3; X2 = -6

(X1 ).

: -6

3.15.

(x2 + x 5) / x + (3x) / (x2 + x 5) = 4.

. y= (x2 + x 5) / x, y + 3 / y = 4.

: y + 3 / y 4 = 0, (y2 4y + 3) / y = 0,



y2 4y + 3 = 0 Y1 = 1; Y2 = 3 ( ).

, ()

(x2 + x 5) / x = 1 (x2 + x 5) / x = 3.

:

(x2 + x 5) / x 1 = 0 (x2 + x 5) / x 3 = 0;


X1 = Ö 5; X2 = Ö 5 X3 = 1 + Ö 6; X4 = 1 Ö 6

( ).

: Ö 5; Ö 5; 1 + Ö 6; 1 Ö 6 .

3.16. x(x + 2)(x + 3)(x + 5) = 72.

.

(x + 2)(x + 3)(x + 5)x = 72, (x2 + 5x + 6)(x2 + 5x) = 72.

y = x2 + 5x, (y + 6)y = 72,

y2 + 6y 72 = 0.

: Y1 = 6; Y2 = 12.

,

x2 + 5x = 6 x2 + 5x = 12.

X1 = 1; X2 = 6. , D = 26 48 = 23 < 0.

: 6; 1.

3.17. 4x2 + 12x + 12 / x + 4 / x2 = 47.

. : 4(x2 + 1 / (x2)) + 12(x + 1 / x) = 47.

y = x + 1 / x, ,

y2 = (x +1 / x)2 = x2 +2 + 1 / (x2),

x2 + 1 / (x2) = y2 2.

4(y2 2) + 12y = 47, 4y2 + 12y - 55 = 0.

Y1 = 5 / 2; Y2 = 11 / 2.

x + 1 / x = 5 / 2 x + 1 / x = 11 / 2.

:

x + 1 / x 5 /2 = 0 x + 1 / x + 11 / 2 = 0;


X1 = 2; X2 = 1 / 2 X3 = ( - 11 + Ö 105) / 4; X4 = ( -11 - Ö 105) / 4

( ).

: 2; 0,5; ( - 11 + Ö 105) / 4; (-11 - Ö 105) / 4.

3.18. x3 x2 9x 6 = 0.

. . ( )

± 1, ± 2, ± 3, ± 6.

, X = -2 .


x3 x2 9x 6 x + 2

x3 x2 9x 6 = (x + 2)(x2 3x 3) = 0.

x2 3x 3 = 0,

X2 = (3 - Ö 21) / 2, X3 = (3 + Ö 21) / 2.

: xÎ {-2; (3 - Ö 21) / 2; (3 + Ö 21) / 2}.

3.19.

x3 x2 8x + 6 = 0.

. an = 1, a0 = 6. , , 6: ± 1, ± 2, ± 3, ± 6. , x = 3, .. 27 9 24 + 6 = 0.

(x3 x2 8x + 6) (x 3)

: x3 x2 8x + 6 = (x 3)(x2 + 2x 2), .. (x 3)(x2 + 2x 2) = 0. , x1 = 3 , , x2,3 = 1 ± Ö 3 x2 + 2x 2 = 0.

: x1 = 3; x2,3 = 1 ± Ö 3.

3.20.

4x4 + 8x3 + x2 3x 1 = 0.

. an = 4, a0 = 1. : ± 1; ± 0,5; ± 0,25 ( 4 ± 1; ± 2; ± 4, ( 1) ± 1). x = +1, 4 + 8 + 1 3 1 ¹ 0; x = 0,5,

4 / 16 8 / 8 + 1 / 4 + 3 / 2 1 = 0, .. x = 0,5 .

(4x4 + 8x3 + x2 3x 1) (x + 0,5):

: (x + 0,5)(4x3 + 6x2 2x 2) = 0.

x1 = 0,5 (, ) 4x3 + 6x2 2x 2 = 0, .. 2x3 + 3x2 x 1 = 0. : x = 0,5. .

: (x + 0,5)(2x2 + 2x 2) = 0. x2 = 0,5 x3,4 = ( 1 ± Ö 5) / 2.

: x1 = x2 = 0,5; x3,4 = ( 1 ± Ö 5) / 2.

: , x = 0,5, , (x + 0,5). 2x3 + 3x2 x 1 = 0 :

2x3 + 3x2 x 1 = 2x3 + x2 +2x2 + x 2x 1 = 2x2(x + 0,5) + 2x(x + 0,5) 2(x+0,5) =

= (x +2)(2x2 + 2x 2) = 0.

x1 = 0,5; x3,4 = ( 1 ± Ö 5) / 2.

.

anxn + an 1 xn 1 + +a1x + a0 = 0

, , , ,

an 1 = ak, k = 0, 1, , n.

ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + bx + a = 0,

a, b c , a ¹ 0. :

a(x2 + 1 / x2) + b(x + 1 / x) + c = 0;

t2 = x2 + 2 + 1 / x2, x2 + 1 / x2 = t2 2;

:

at2 + bt + c 2a = 0;

.

x + 1 / x = t.

x= -1 , , x + 1, .

4.21. , ,

ax5 + bx4 + cx3 + cx2 + bx + a = 0

, x = 1 , x + 1. .

, . - . , 1 . . , , , , , .

.

P (x) = a0xn + a1xn 1 + + an

n X1, X2, , Xn.

a0xn + a1xn 1 + + an = a0(x x1)(x x2)(x xn).

a0 ¹ 0 .

Xn + (a1 / a0)xn 1 + + (an / a0) =

= xn (x1 + x2 + +xn)xn 1 + (x1x2 +x1x3 + +xn-1xn)xn 2 +

+ + (-1)nx1x2xn.

, . ,

x1 + x2 + + xn = -a1 / a0,

x1x2 + x1x3 + + xn 1xn = a2 / a0,

.

x1x2× × xn = (-1)nan / a0.

5.22. , x3 3x2 + 7x + 5 = 0.

. x1, x2 x3.

s 1 = x1 + x2 +x3 = 3,

s 2 = x1x2 + x1x3 + x2x3 = 7,

s 3 = x1x2x3 = 5.

y1, y2, y3, b1, b2, b3, y3 1. y1 = x12, y2 = x22, y3 = x32

b1 = (y1 + y2 + y3) = (x12 + x22 + x32),

b2 = y1y2 + y1y3 + y2y3 = x12x22 + x12x32 + x22x32,

b3 = y1y2y3 = x12x22x32 .

x12 + x22 + x32 = (x1 + x2 +x3)2 2(x1x2 + x1x3 + x2x3) = s 12 - 2s 2 = 32 2× 7 = 5,

x12x22 + x12x32 + x22x32 = (x1x2 + x1x3 + x2x3)2 2x1x2x3(x1 + x2 +x3)= s 22 2s 1s 3 = = 72 2× 3× ( 5)= 79,

x12x22x32 = (x1x2x3)2 = s 32 = 25.

, b1 = 5, b2 = 79, b3 = 25,

y3 + 5y2 + 79y 25 = 0.

: y3 + 5y2 + 79y 25 = 0.

.

.

.

6.23. (x; y) , (x + y) . .


. y = 7 2x. y ,


2x2 + 7x 6 = 0 X1 = 2; X2 = 3 / 2. Y1 = 3; Y2 = 4.

(2; 3) (1,5; 4). x + y = 1,5 + 4 = 5,5.

: 5,5.

6.24.


. a = x + y; b = xy.



x y,


:


y2 3y + 2 = 0,Y1 = 1; X1 = 2; Y2 = 2; X2 = 1.

: (2; 1) , (1; 2).

6.25.


. :


(x ¹ 0) x y = 3 / x, .. y x = 3 / x, ,


y ,

- 3x2 = 3, X1 = 1; X2 = 1, Y1 = 4; Y2 = 4.

: (1; 4), ( 1; 4).

6.26. .

. , 16 , 15 2.

. . 2 + 2 = 16, .. + = 8 = 15

,


.. , .

, = 8 . , (8 - ) = 15, .. 8 - 2 = 15

2 - 8 + 15 = 0.

: D = (- 8)2 - 4× 1× 15 = 64 - 60 = 4,

1,2 = (8 ± Ö 4) / 2 = (8 ± 2) / 2.

, 1 = 5, 2 = 3. = 8 - , 1 = 3, 2 = 5. , 3 5 .

: 2 - 8 + 15 = 0 , , : 8, 15, z2 - 8z + 15 = 0.

, . - , . . , , .

6.27.


. , = 11 - 2. , : 2 + (11 - 2)2 = 53.

:

2 + 121 - 44 + 42 = 53

52 - 44 + 68 = 0. ,

52 - 44 + 68 = 0.

, D = (- 44)2 - 4× 5× 68 = 1936 - 1360 = 576,

1,2 = (44 ± 24) / 10.

1 = 6,8; 2 = 2, Þ 1 = 11 - 2× 6,8 = - 2,6; 2 = 11 - 2× 2 = 7.

: 1 = 6,8; 1 = - 2,6; 2 = 2; 2 = 7.

.

( = 2 = + 1 / ). .

7.28. 12 / (2 + 2) - 3 / (2 + 2 - 2) = 1.

. , , . , , 2 + 2. , , = 2 + 2.

12 / - 3 / ( - 2) = 1 (2 - 11 + 24) / (( - 2)) = 0,

y1 = 3; y2 = 8. 2 + 2 = 3 ( 1 = 1, 2 = - 3) 2 + 2 = 8 ( 3 = 2, 4 = - 4).

, , ( ).

7.29.


. 1 / U, 1 / V.


.. U V. U V: U = 4 - 3V / 2, : 5(4 - 3V / 2) - 2V = 1, V = 2. U = 1 1 / x = 1, 1 / y = 2.

: x = 1, y = 0,5.

7.30.

(x 4)(x 5)(x 6)(x 7) = 1680.

. (x 4)(x 7)× (x 5)(x 6) = 1680, ..

(x2 11x + 28)(x2 11x + 30) = 1680.

x2 11x + 28 = t, t(t + 2) = 1680, t2 + 2t 1680 = 0, t1 = 42; t2 = 40.

x2 11x + 28 = 42; x2 11x + 70 = 0; D = 121 280 < 0 Þ x1,2 Î Æ .

x2 11x + 28 = 40; x2 11x 12 = 0; x1 = 12; x2 = 1.

: x1 = 12; x2 = 1.

7.31.

2x4 + 3x3 16x2 + 3x + 2 = 0.

. . x2 ¹ 0,

2x2 + 3x 16 +3 / x + 2 / x2 = 0, ..

2(x2 + 1 / x2) + 3(x + 1 / x) 16 = 0,

x + 1 / x = t, x2 + 2 + 1 / x2 = t2, .. x2 + 1 / x2 = t2 2, 2(t2 2) + 3t 16=0, .. 2t2 + 3t 20 = 0, t1 = 4; t2 = 5 / 2 = 2,5. ,

x + 1 / x = 4; x2 + 4x + 1 = 0; x1,2 = 2 ± Ö 3,

x + 1 / x = 2,5; 2x2 5x + 2 = 0; x3 = 2; x4 = 1 / 2.

: x1,2 = 2 ± Ö 3; x3 = 2; x4 = 1 / 2.

7.32.

(x + 3)4 + (x + 5)4 = 16.

. x = t 4. (t 1)4 + (t + 1)4 = 16, ..

t4 4t3 + 6t2 4t + 1 + t4 + 4t3 + 6t2 + 4t + 1 = 16,

.. 2t4 + 12t2 14 = 0, t4 + 6t2 7 = 0. t2 = z ³ 0,

z2 +6z 7 = 0, z1 = 7; z2 = 1.

t2 = z ³ 0 z1. , z = 1, .. t2 = 1, t1 = 1; t2 = 1. , x1 = 1 4 = 5 x2 = 1 4 = 3.

: x1 = 5 x2 = 3.

7.33.

13x / (2x2 + x +3) + 2x / (2x2 5x + 3) = 6.

. x ¹ 0:

13 / (2x + 1 + 3 / x) + 2 / (2x 5 +3 / x) = 6,

2x + 3 /x = t. 13 / (t + 1) + 2 / (t 5) = 6, ..

13t 65 + 2t + 2 = 6t2 24t 30, ..

6t2 39t + 33 = 0, .. 2t2 13t + 11 = 0,

t1 = 1; t2 = 5,5.

:

2x + 3 / x = 1; 2x2 x + 3 = 0; D = 1 24 < 0 Þ x Î Æ .

2x + 3 / x = 5,5; 4x2 11x + 6 = 0; x1 = 2; x2 = 0,75.

: x1 = 2; x2 = 0,75.

7.34.

x4 2x3 + x 0,75 = 0.

. , x2:

x4 2x3 + x2 x2 + x 0,75 = 0, ..

(x2 x)2 (x2 x) 0,75 = 0.

x2 x = t, t2 t 0,75 = 0, x1 = 0,5; x2 = 1,5.

, :

x2 x = 0,5; x2 x + 0,5 = 0; D = 1 2 < 0 Þ x Î Æ .

x2 x = 1,5; x2 x 1,5 = 0; x1,2 = (1 ± Ö 7) / 2.

: x1,2 = (1 ± Ö 7) / 2.

7.35.

x2 + 81x2 / (9 + x)2 = 40.

. : a2 + b2 = (a b)2 + 2ab ((a - b)2 = a2 - 2ab + b2Þ Þ a2 + b2 = (a - b)2 + 2ab). :

(x 9x / (9 + x))2 + 2x× 9x / (9 + x) = 40,

(x2 / (9 + x))2 + 18x2 / (9 + x) = 40.

: (x2 / (9 + x)) = t. t2 + 18t 40 = 0, t1 = 20; t2 = 2. :

(x2 / (9 + x)) = 2; x2 2x 18 = 0; x1,2 = 1 ± Ö 19,

(x2 / (9 + x)) = 20; x2 + 20x + 180 = 0; D = 400 720 < 0, Þ x Î Æ .

: x1,2 = 1 ± Ö 19.

.

8.36.


. , ¹ 0. , , = 0, = 0, = 0 = 0 . 2.

82 / 2 - 6 / 2 + 2 / 2 = 0 82 / 2 - 6 / + 1 = 0.

U = / .

8U2 - 6U + 1 = 0.

, U1 = 0,5; U2 = 0,25. , x / y = 1 / 2, x / y = 1 / 4. =2 = 4 ( ) . 52 = 5, 1 = 1, 2 = - 1; 1 = 2, 2 = - 2. 172 = 5, 3 = Ö (5 / 17), x4 = - Ö (5 / 17); y3 = 4Ö (5 / 17), y4 = - 4Ö (5 /17).

x / y , , (8x2, 6xy, y2), . y2 x / y.

x y , k, k.

P (x, y) = 0 k x y, P (x, y) k. x y yk ( y = 0 ) x / y. .

8.37.


. . 7 , 3, 7y2 - 10xy + 3x2 = 0, . x2 7U2 - 10U + 3 = 0 ( U = y / x, , x ¹ 0). , y = x y = 3x / 7. , , :

x1 = 7, y1 = 3; x2 = - 7, y2 = - 3.

: x1 = 7, y1 = 3; x2 = - 7, y2 = - 3.

. x y, . , , .

8.38. (x - 1)4 + 9(x + 1)4 = 10(x2 - 1)2.

. , . : U V:

U = (x - 1)2, V = (x + 1)2.

U2 + 9V2 = 10UV.

, V2 W:

W = U / V = (x - 1)2 / (x + 1)2.

W2 - 10W + 9 = 0.

W1 = 1, W2 = 9.

(x - 1)2 / (x + 1)2 = 1 (x - 1)2 / (x + 1)2 = 9.

, (x - 1) / (x + 1) = 1, (x - 1) / (x + 1) = - 1.

, (x - 1) / (x + 1) = 3, (x - 1) / (x + 1) = - 3. , , , x1 = 0, x2 = - 2, x3 = - 0,5.

: x1 = 0, x2 = - 2, x3 = - 0,5.

8.39.

3(x2 x + 1)2 5(x + 1)(x2 x + 1) 2(x + 1)2 = 0.

. , ..

ay2a + bya za + cz2a = 0,

a, b, c, a , ; y = y(x), z = z(x) x. (x2 x + 1)2 ¹ 0:

3 5(x + 1) / (x2 x + 1) 2((x + 1) / (x2 x + 1))2 = 0.

(x + 1) / (x2 x + 1) = t, 3 5t 2t2 = 0, .. t1 = 3; t2 = 0,5. :

(x + 1) / (x2 x + 1) = 0,5 = 1 / 2; 2x + 2 = x2 x + 1; x2 3x 1 = 0; x1,2 = (3 ± Ö 13) / 2,

(x + 1) / (x2 x + 1) = 3; x + 1 = 3x2 + 3x 3; 3x2 2x + 4 = 0; D = 4 48 < 0, Þ x Î Æ .

: x1,2 = (3 ± Ö 13) / 2.

.

, P (x, y) , P (x , y) = P (y, x).


P1 (x, y) P2 (x, y) , : x + y = U, xy = V. , P (x, y) U V.

9.40.


. , :

x2 + xy + y2 = x2 + 2xy + y2 - xy = (x + y)2 - xy.

: x + y = U, xy =V. :


, U2 + U - 72 = 0 U1 = 8,U2 = - 9. V1 = 15, V2 = 32. :



: x1 = 3, y1 = 5; x2 = 5, y2 = 3.

9.41.


. X Y:

X = 1 / x, Y = 1 / y,

U V: U = X + Y = 1 / x + 1 / y, V = XY = 1 / xy.

:


U = 5, V = 6.


X1 = 2, Y1 = 3; X2 = 3, Y2 = 2, x1 = 1 / 2, y1 = 1 / 3; x2 = 1 /3, y2 = 1 / 2. U = x + y, V = xy,


.

: x1 = 1 / 2, y1 = 1 / 3; x2 = 1 /3, y2 = 1 / 2.

.

, . . , , .. ( ).

, ax + b = c x a, b, c. a ¹ 0 x = (c - b) / a. a = 0, b = c, b = c, . b ¹ c, a = 0, .

, . , :

:

  1. , .
  2. , .

: - , - , .

10.42. px = 6 x p. p ¹ 0, p, x = 6 /p. p = 0, , 0× x = 0 x.

: p ¹ 0 x = 6 / p; p = 0 .

10.43. : - a 3a.

. :

a < 0, - a > 3a;

a = 0, - a = 3a;

a > 0, - a < 3a.

10.44. ax = 1.

. : x = 1 / a. a = 0 , :

: a = 0, ; a ¹ 0, x = 1 / a.

10.45. (a2 - 1)x = a + 1.

. , :

  1. a = 1; 0x = 2 ;
  2. a = - 1; 0x = 0, x .
  3. a ¹ ± 1; x = 1 / (a - 1).

. . , . . .

. ,

: a = - 1, x ; a = 1, ; a ¹ ± 1, x = 1 / (a - 1).

10.46. a ax2 - x + 3 = 0 ?

. : . , . , , , a = 0, . a ¹ 0, . 1 - 12a , , a = 1 / 12.

: a = 0 a = 1 / 12.

10.47. a (a - 2)x2 + (4 - 2a)x + 3 = 0 ?

. , a = 2. a = 2 . a ¹ 2, , , , . a = 2 a = 5. , a = 2 ,

: a = 5.

, ( , ). , , , . , .

10.48. a ax2 + 4x + a + 3 = 0 ?

. a = 0 , . a¹ 0 , , , 16 - 4a2 - 12a . - 4 < a < 1. (- 4; 1) 0, , , .

: - 4 < a < 0 0 < a < 1.

10.49. a a(a + 3)x2 + (2a + 6)x - 3a - 9 = 0 ?

. a = 0 a = - 3. a = 0 . , a = - 3 . a = - 3 . a ¹ - 3 a ¹ 0, a + 3, ax2 + 2x - 3 = 0, 4(1 + 3a) a > - 1 / 3. , (- 1 / 3; ¥ ) a = 0, a = - 3.

: a = - 3 - 1 / 3 < a < 0, a > 0.

10.50. a (x2 - ax + 1) / (x + 3) = 0 ?

.


, . x ¹ - 3 . , ! - 3. D = a2 - 4, D = 0, a = ± 2; x = - 3 x2 - ax + 1 = 0 a = - 10 / 3, a - 3.

: a = ± 2 a = - 10 / 3.

10.51. a ax2 = a2

| x - 3| ³ a?

. a ¹ 0 , . a = 0, , . , a = 0.

: a = 0.

10.52.

(a2 - 9)x = a2 + 2a - 3.

. . :

(a - 3)(a + 3)x = (a + 3)(a - 1).

a = - 3, : 0x = 0. , x Î R, .. . a ¹ - 3, : (a - 3)x = a - 1. a = 3 0x = 2. . a ¹ - 3 x = (a - 1) / (a - 3). (, x = 3 a = 4, x = 3 / 5 a= - 2 ..)

: a = - 3, x Î R; a = 3, x Î Æ ; a ¹ ± 3, x = (a - 1) / (a - 3).

10.53.

(x - 4) / (x + 1) - 1 / a(x + 1) = - 2 / a.

. , (x + 1)a ¹ 0, .. x ¹ - 1, a ¹ 0. , a(x + 1) ¹ 0:

(x - 4)a - 1 = - 2(x + 1), .. (a + 2)x = 4a - 1.

a = - 2, 0 = - 9. , xÎ Æ . a ¹ - 2, x = (4a +1) / (a + 2). , , x ¹ - 1. , a x - 1.

(4a - 1) / (a + 2) = - 1, .. 4a - 1 = - a - 2, .. 5a = - 1, a= - 1 / 5.

, a ¹ 0, a ¹ - 2, a ¹ - 1 / 5 (4a - 1) / (a + 2).

: x Î Æ a Î {- 2, 0, - 1 / 5}; x = (4a - 1) / (a + 2) aÏ {- 2, 0, - 1 / 5}.

10.54.

(a - 5)x2 + 3ax - (a - 5) = 0.

. (a - 5) = 0, .. a = 5 15x - 0 = 0, .. x = 0. a - 5 ¹ 0, .. a ¹ 5

X1,2 = (- 3a ± Ö (9a2 + 4(a - 5)2)) / (2(a - 5)).

: x = 0 a = 5; x = (- 3a ± Ö (9a2 + 4(a - 5)2)) / (2(a - 5)) a ¹ 5.

10.55.

1 / (x - 1) + 1 / (x - a) = (a + 1) / a.

. , a(x - 1)(x - a) ¹ 0, .. x ¹ 1, x ¹ a, a ¹ 0.

(a + 1)x2 - (a2 + 4a + 1)x + (2a2 + 2a) = 0.

a +1 = 0, .. a = - 1, , 2x = 0, .. x = 0.

a + 1 ¹ 0, .. a ¹ - 1, ,

x1,2 = (a2 + 4a + 1 ± Ö (a4 + 2a2 + 1)) / (2(a +1) = (a2 + 4a + 1 ± (a2 + 1) ) / (2(a + 1))

.. x1 = a + 1, x2 = 2a / (a + 1). a, x = 1 x = a, .

a + 1 = 1 Þ a = 0 ;

a + 1 = a Þ 1 = 0 ;

2 / (a + 1) = 1 Þ 2a = a + 1, .. a = 1;

2 / (a + 1) = a Þ 2a = a2 + a, a = 1 a = 0 .

, a ¹ - 1, a ¹ 0, a ¹ 1, x1 = a + 1, x2 = 2a / (a + 1).

, a = 1. : x1 = 1 x2 = 2, x1 = 1 .

: x1 = a + 1 x2 = 2 a ¹ 0, a ¹ ± 1; x = 0 a = - 1; x = 2 a = 1.

10.56. a


?

. a .


a = 1, - 3y + 0,5 = 0, .. y = 1 /6. , x. .

  1. a = - 0,5, .
  2. a ;

y = ((1 - a)x + 1,5 - a) / (2a + 1),

:

x + ((2 - 2a)x + 3 - 2a) / (2a + 1) + ((1 - a)x2 + 1,5x - ax) / (2a + 1) +1 = 0, ..

2ax + 3x - 2ax + 3 - 2a + x2 - ax2 +1,5x - ax + 2a + 1 = 0,

(1 - a)x2 + (4,5 - a)x + 4 = 0.

, :

(9 / 2 - a)2 - 4× 4(1 - a) = 0, .. a2 + 7a + 17 / 4 = 0, .. a = (- 7 ± 4Ö 2) / 2.

: a = 1, a = - 1 / 2, a = (- 7 ± 4Ö 2) / 2.

10.57.

x3 (a + b + c)x2 + (ab + ac + bc)x abc =0.

. x3 ax2 bx2 cx2 + abx + acx +bcx abc = 0,

: x2(x a) bx(x a) cx(x a) cx(x a) + bc(x a),

(x a)(x2 bc cx + bc).

(x a) = 0,

x1 = a.

x2 bc cx + bc = 0,

x(x b) c(x b) = 0,

(x b)(x c) = 0,

x b = 0, x2 = b

x c = 0, x3 = c.

: x1 = a; x2 = b; x3 = c.

: , :

x3 + px2 + qx + r = 0,

x1 + x2 + x3 = - p,

x1x2 + x1x3 + x2x3 = q,

x1x2x3 = - r .

:

x1 + x2 + x3 = a + b + c,

x1x2 + x1x3 + x2x3 = ab + bc +cd,

x1x2x3 = abc.

, x1 = a; x2 = b; x3 = c.

.

. . :

  1. ax + by + c = 0 .
  2. xy = k .
  3. (x - a)2 + (y - b)2 = R2 A(a, b) R.

    :

    x2 + y2 - 2ax - 2by + c = 0.

  4. ax2 + bx + c = 0 y = ax2 c A(m, n), m = - b / 2a, n = (4ac - b2) / 4a.

11.58. :


. , :

x2 + y2 - 2x + 4y - 20 = (x2 - 2x +1) + (y2 + 4y + 4) - 1 - 4 - 20 = (x - 1)2 + (y + 2)2 - 25.

, :


A(1; - 2) 5. 2x - y = - 1 , B(0; 1) C(2; 5). 5 A B C. M(1; 3) N(- 3; - 5). : x1 = 1, y1 = 3; x2 = - 3, y2 = - 5.


.

, , , : | a| = | b| , a = b, a = - b.

| 3x - 1| = | 2x + 3| .

, 3 - 1 = 2 + 3, 3 - 1 = - (2 + 3). 4, - 2 / 5. , 1 = 4, 2 = - 2 / 5.

, , . , ( ). .

. ,

f (x), f (x) ³ 0,

| f (x) | = f (x), f (x) < 0.

12.59. .

| x| = | 3 - 2x| - x - 1.

. x x = 0, 3 - 2x x = 3 / 2. 0 3 / 2 (- ¥ ; 0),[0; 3 / 2], (3 / 2; ¥ ). - ¥ < x < 0 x < 0 3 - 2x > 0. | x| = - x, | 3 - 2x| = 3 - 2x - x = 3 - 2x - x - 1. , , x = 1. x (- ¥ ; 0), . 0 £ x £ 3/ 2 x ³ 0, 3 - 2x ³ 0, | x| = x, | 3 - 2x| = 3 - 2x. x = 3 - 2x - x - 1. , x = 0,5. x [0; 3 / 2], 1 / 2 . , (3 / 2; +¥ ) x > 0, 3 - 2x < 0, | x| = x, | 3 - 2x| = - (3 - 2x) x = - (3 - 2x) - x - 1, .. 0 = - 4. , .

, , , x = 0,5.

: x = 0,5.

.

12.60. | 8 - 5x| = | 3 + x| + | 5 - 6x| .

(8 - 5x), (3 + x) (5 - 6x) 8 /5, - 3, 5 / 6. 4 . , , , (- ¥ ; - 3), (5 / 6; 8 /5], (8 / 5; +¥ ) , [- 3; 5 / 6] 8 - 5x = 3 + x + 5 - 6x. [- 3; 5 / 6].

: [- 3; 5/ 6].

, . .

12.61. | 2x - 3 - | x + 2| | = 8x + 12.

. (x + 2) x = - 2. x < - 2, (x + 2) < 0 | x + 2| = - (x + 2). , (- ¥ ; - 2) | 2x - 3 + (x + 2)| = 8x + 12, .. | 3x - 1| = 8x + 12. x < - 2 3x - 1 < 0 | 3x - 1| = - (3x - 1). - (3x - 1) = 8x + 12, x = - 1. (- ¥ ; - 2), .

x ³ - 2. | x + 2| = x + 2, | 2x - 3 - (x + 2)| =8x + 12, .. | x - 5| = 8x + 12. : x < 5 x ³ 5. ½ x - 5| = - ( - 5), - (x - 5) = 8x + 12. - 7 / 9. - 2 £ (- 7 / 9) £ 5, - 7 / 9 . x ³ 5, | x - 5| = x - 5 x - 5 = 8x + 12. - 17 / 7. [5; +¥ ), . , x = - 7 / 9.

: x = - 7 / 9.

12.62.

| 1 2x| + | 3x + 2| + | x| = 5.

. , , , :


) x < 2 / 3, 1 2x > 0, 3x + 2 < 0, x < 0 :

1 2x 3x 2 x = 5, .. 6x = 6, x = 1 Î (¥ ; 2 / 3).

) 2 / 3 £ x < 0, 1 2x > 0, 3x + 2 ³ 0, x < 0 :

1 2x + 3x + 2 x = 5, .. 3 ¹ 5, [ 2 / 3; 0) .

) 0 £ x < 0,5, : 1 2x + 3x + 2 + x = 5, .. 2x = 2; x = 1 Ï [0; 0,5).

) 0,5 £ x, 1 +2x + 3x + 2 + x = 5, 6x = 4, x = 2 / 3 Î (0,5; ¥ ).

: x1 = 1; x2 = 2 / 3.

12.63.

| x | + | x 1 | = 1.

. (x 1) = 0, x = 1; Þ :


A) x Î (- ¥ ; 0), x x +1 = 1; 2x = 0; x = 0 Ï (- ¥ ; 0).

) x Î [0; 1), x x +1 = 1; 1 = 1 Þ x [0; 1).

) x Î [1; ¥ ), x + x 1 = 1; 2x = 2; x = 1 Î [1; ¥ ).

: x Î [0; 1].

.

1) : , . ax2 + bx + c = 0


: x1 + x2 = b / a; x1x2 = c / a.

2) : , ( ) , , . .

3) : , , . . ,

(x2 + x 5) / x + 3x / (x2 + x 5) + 4 = 0,

(x2 + x 5) / x = t, t + (3 / t) + 4 = 0.

: 21 / (x2 4x + 10) x2 + 4x = 6. x2 4 = t. 21 / (t + 10) - t = 6 ..

. ,

(x2 + 2x)2 (x +1)2 = 55.

, (x2 + 2x)2 (x2 + 2x + 1) = 55, x2 + 2x=t.

t2 t 56 = 0, t1 = 7, t2 = 8. x2 + 2x = 7 x2 + 2x = 8.

.

  1. (x + a)4 + (x + b)4 = c ,

    x = t (a + b) / 2.

  2. () a0xn + a1xn 1 + + a1x + a0 = 0 ( , , ) x + 1 / x = t, n ; n , x = 1.
  3. (x + a)(x + b)(x + c)(x + d) = l , a + b = c + d ..

4) : anxn + an 1xn 1 + + a1x + a0 = 0 p / q, p a0, q an, p q , pÎ Z, qÎ N.

5) , .. , , - , , - ..

6) : . ,

f (x), f (x) ³ 0,

| f (x) | = f (x), f (x) < 0.

.

¦ (c ) ¾ ().

¦ (c ) < 0 (¦ (c ) > 0) (1)

¾ () ¦ , (1) . () ¦ , (1) , .

¦ (c ) £ 0(¦ (c ) ³ 0) (2)

(1) ¦ (c ) = 0.

, .

, , ¦ (c ).

(1) (2), ¦ i(c ), . ¾ ¦ i(c ), .

, , .

.

.

, .

, 3 > 6 2 > 0 Î [2; +¥ ]. .

> 0 2 > 0 , Î [0; +¥ ], Î [-¥ ; 0]È [0; +¥ ]. .

, . .

1. , , , .

. () > Q(x) , () , , Î R.

. () > Q(x) () + () > Q(x) + T(x) .

. ) = () > Q(a) , .. = () > Q(x), () () =.

() + () > Q(a) + T(a) .

, = () + () > Q(x) + T(x). , = , .

) = b () + () > Q(x) + T(x), .. P(b) + T(b) > Q(b) + T(b) . P(b) > Q(b) . , = b P(x) > Q(x).

P(x) > Q(x) P(x) + T(x) > > Q(x) + T(x) , .

2. , Î R, , , .

. P(x) + T(x) > Q(x) , () , Î R.

. P(x) + T(x) > Q(x) P(x) > Q(x) T(x) .

. 1 P(x) + T(x) > Q(x) (-()), Î R; :

P(x) + T(x) T(x) > Q(x) T(x), P(x) > Q(x) T(x).

3. , , , .

. P(x) > Q(x) (1),

T(x) > 0, xÎ R,

P(x)× T(x) > Q(x)× T(x) (2).

. (1) (2) .

. = P(a) > Q(a) , .. = . T(a) () = () > 0.

P(a)× T(a) > Q(a)× T(a) , .. = . , = , = .

= b P(b)× T(b) > Q(b)× T(b) , .. = b .

P(b) > Q(b) , T(b) > 0. , = b .

, .

4. , , , , .

3 .

.

( )

ax + b > 0, ax + b < 0, ax + b ³ 0, ax + b £ 0, a ¹ 0,

:

a > 0

xÎ (-b/a  ; ¥ ), xÎ ( -¥ ; -b/a   ), xÎ [ -b/a ; ¥ ), xÎ ( -¥ ; -b/a],

< 0

xÎ ( -¥ ; -b/a), xÎ ( -b/a ; ¥ ), xÎ ( -¥ ; -b/a], xÎ [ -b/a ; ¥ ).

( )

ax2 + bx + c > 0,ax2 + bx + c < 0,

ax2 + bx + c ³ 0,ax2 + bx + c £ 0,

a, b, c ¾ ¹ 0.

ax2 + bx + c > 0 a, b c :

> 0 D = b2 4ac ³ 0

xÎ ( -¥ ;
 )È (
; ¥ );

> 0 D < 0 x ¾ ;

< 0 D ³ 0

xÎ (
;
);

< 0 D < 0

x = Æ (. . ).

ax2 + bx + c < 0 , (-1).

.

n(x) ¾ n- , c1, c2, ¼ , ci ¾ k1, k2, ¼ , ki , 1 > c2 > ¼ > ci. Pn(x)

n(x) = (x - c1) k1(x - c2) k2 ¼ (x ci)ki Qm(x),(3)

Qm(x) , Î R. , Qm(x) > 0. > c1 (3) n() > 0. 1 ¾ (k1 ¾ ), Î (2; 1) (3), , n()<0. , n() 1. 1 ¾ (k1 ¾ ), ( ) Î (2; 1) , , n() > 0 Î (c2; 1). , n() 1.

, (3), , 2 n() , k2 ¾ , , k2 ¾ . .

n() > 0,(4)

n() n() , .

:

4 + 33 4 > 0.(*)

. 4(), (*). ,

4() = (3 + 32 4).

, , = 1. ,

3 + 32 4 = (-1)(2 + 4 + 4) = (-1)( + 2) 2.

, 4() = ( - 1)( + 2) 2 (*)

( 1)( + 2)2 > 0. (**)

(**) . > 1 , , .

. = 1 4() , = 1 ¾ ( 1); = 0 , = 0 ¾ ; = -2 , = -2 ¾ 2. 4 () 1. , .


. Î (-¥ ; -2) È (-2; 0) È (1; ¥ ).

:

(2 3 2)(2 3 + 1) < 10.

: 2 3 2 = y. y(y +3) < 10, y2 + 3y 10 < 0, (y + 5)(y 2) < 0. 5<y<2. ,


, (-1; 4).

: (-1; 4).

:

4 342 + 225 < 0.

. 4 342 + 225 < 0. 2 = z, z2 34z + 225 = 0, : z1 = 9 z2 = 25. 2 = 9 2 = 25, 4 : -3, 3, -5, 5. , 4 342 + 225 = ( + 5)( + 3)( 3)( 5), :

( + 5)( + 3)( 3)( 5) < 0.


5, -3, 3, 5 . (-5; -3) (3; 5).

: (-5; -3)È (3; 5).

:

4 3 < 2(22 2).

. . .

4 43 + 22 + 4 3 < 0.

4 43 + 22 + 4 3 = 0, 1 = -1, 2,3 = 1, 4 = 3.

( 1) 2( + 1)( 3) < 0.


, , , . ( ), , . , (-1; 1) (1; 3).

, 1, 1, 3 .

: (-1; 1)È (1; 3).

- .


(5)

n() Qm() ¾ , (4) : (5) [Qm(x)]2, (.. , Qm(x) ¹ 0),

n() × Qm(x) > 0,

(5).

-


a, b, c, d, k ¾ ¹ 0,   ( = 0, - , (6) ). - (6), > <, ³ , £ . - . (6) ( + d)2, Î R x ¹ -d/c.

:


: 1, (5).


2(2 2) < 0.

: Î ( -1;0)È (0;2).

: Î (-1;0)È (0;2).

:


: ,  


, , : [-4; -3)È (-1; 1].

: [-4; -3)È (-1; 1].

: :


: ¹ 0 ¹ 3, , = 0 , = 3 . , (, ). , ¹ 0 ¹ 3:


.

, , = 0 = 3. , = 0 , , . = 3 , ; , . , : (-¥ ; -4)È [1; 3)È È (3; 4,5]U0.

: (-¥ ; -4)È [1; 3)È (3; 4,5]U0.

:


. ,


, , 5, 1, 2, 6. (-¥ ; -5), (-5; 1), (1; 2), (2; 6),(6; +¥ ). , : (-5; 1) (2; 6). (-5; 1) 0, . , (-5; 0)È (0; 1)È (2; 6).


: (-5; 0)È (0; 1)È (2; 6).

:


. ,

 

0, 1, 2, 5, , . .

.

, : (-¥ ; 0), (0; 1), (2; 5).

: (-¥ ; 0)È (0; 1)È (2; 5).

, .

, , , , , : , , .

:

½ 2 - 2½ + < 0.(*)

: 2 2, .

  1. ,

2 2 ³ 0,

(*)

2 + 2 < 0.


2 2 ³ 0 ( 1): Î (-2; - ].

2) , 2 2 < 0, ½ 2 - 2½ = 2 2, (*)

2 2 + < 0.

2 2 < 0 (. 2): Î (- ; -1).


, Î (-2; -1)

: Î (-2; -1).

. . ,

½ - 2½ < -.

y1 =½ 2 - 2½ y2 = -, , , y1<y2.

. 3 .

, , , ½ ½ 2= 2.

:


.(*)

: ¹ -2

½ - 1½ > ½ + 2½ . (**)

(**) ,

6 < -3,

.. < -1/2.

, ¹ -2, , (*) Î (-¥ ; -2)È (-2; -1/2).

: (-¥ ; -2)È (-2; -1/2).

: , :

 

: ½ +1½ ³ 0 , , ½ +1½ ¹ 0, : 2 + 5 > ½ +1½ . , (2 + 5) < + 1 < 2 + 5,

, 0. , ¹ -1, .

: 0.

: :


: ½ ½ = y. , ½ ½ + 1 > 0. : -2 ³ (y 2)(y + 1), y2 y £ 0, 0 £ y£ 1, 0 £ ½ ½ £ 1. -1£ £ 1.

: [-1; 1].

:

½ 2 3 + 2½ + ½ 2 + 1½ £ 5.

. 2 3 + 2 1 < x < 2 , 2 + 1 = -. , .

  1. < -. 2 3 + 2 > 0, 2 +1 < 0. 2 3 + 2 2 1 £ 5, 2 5 4 £ 0. £ £ . < -
    £
    £ -.
  2. £ £ 1. 2 2 £ 0. 1 £ £ 2. , £ x £ 1 .
  3. 1 < x < 2. 2 5 + 6 ³ 0; £ 2 ³ 3. .
  4. ³ 2. , 2. = 2.

:
£ £ 2.

: .

½ ½ 3 + - 3½ - 5½ £ 3 + 8.

. .


.

. , .

:

a > 1/x.

:


:

ax2 1 > 0,ax2 1 < 0,

x > 0; x < 0.

. :

ax2 > 1.

> 0 2 > 1/a, < -1/  x > 1/ . : Î (1/ ; ¥ ). £ 0 2 1 > 0 , , .

. > 0 2 1<0 Î (-1/ ; 1/ ), ¾ Î (-1/ ; 0). a£ 0 2 1 < 0

, .. Î R , , Î (-¥ ; 0).

.


> 0 £ 0 , . .

.

: £ 0, Î (-¥ ; 0); > 0, Î (-1/ ; 0)È (1/ ; ¥ ).

: :

  

: : 3m2 + 3 2mx2 6 < m + 9x; mx2 9x < m + 3; (m 3)(m + 3)x < m + 3. m:

  1. (m 3)(m + 3) > 0, .. m < -3 m > 3. < 1/(m 3).
  2. (m 3)(m + 3) < 0, .. 3 < m < 3. > 1/(m 3).
  3. (m 3)(m + 3) = 0, .. m = 3 m = -3. m = 3, 0× < 6 , Î R. m = -3, 0× < 0 , , .

:

434 + 422 + 32 + + 8 ³ 0.

. , . 4 3. , y = ax, 2. = 0 ³ - . , > 0. y = ax,

4y4 + 4ay2 + 32y + a2 + 8a ³ 0.

:

a2 + (4y2 + 8)a + 4y2 + 32y ³ 0,

D = (2y2 + 4) 2 4y2 32y = 16(y 1) 2.

,

( + 2y2 + 4y)(a + 2y2 4y + 8) ³ 0,

(2y2 + 4y + a)(2y2 4y + 8 + a) ³ 0.

y, > 0. 2y2 + 4y + a ³ 0, , 0 < a < 2, y £ (-2 - ) y ³ (-2+ ); ³ 2, y . , .

: = 0, ³ - ; 0 < a < 2, £ 1/2a*(-2 -  ) ³ 1/2a(-2 +  ); ³ 2, .

:


: 1 £ £ 2, ( ¹ 0) f(x) = 2 2( + 1) + 1 [1; 2].

D = ( + 1) 2 ( 1) = 3 + 1, f(1) = -3, f(2) = 5.




4 ( ).

  1. < - 1/3, , . = -1/3.
  2. 1/3 < a < 0, f(1) < 0, f(2) < 0. = < 0 (. 1, ). , [1; 2].

    . = 0.

  3. 0 < a < 5, f(1) < 0, f(2) < 0 (. 1, ). , [1; 2] f(x) < 0. .
  4. ³ 5, f(1) < 0, f(2) ³ 0 (. 1, ). 2 £ £ 2 2 f(x) = 0.

: < 5, ; ³ 5, 1/( + 1 + ) £ £ 2.

:

½ 22 + - 8½ £ 2 + 2 2 4.

: , ½ ½ £ b b £ a £ b.

£ -2 + + 4,

£ 2 + 4.

(; ) , . = a = a , . (2; 2), (-2; -2) (-0,5; -4,25) = 2 + 4.

: > 2, .

2 < a £ 2, .
( = 2 + 4 2 4 + = 0).

4 £ a £ -2, , , .


.

, . , .

, . .

:


( 1)( 5)( 7) < 0.

(. 1), , (2) : (-¥ , 1) (5, 7).


(. 2), , (3) : (2, 3) (4, +¥ ).

(2) (3). . , (2) (3) (5, 7) (. 3).


, (1) (5, 7).

:


2 6 + 10 < 0.

, ,

2 6 + 10 = 2 - 2× × 3 + 32 - 32 + 10 = ( 3) 2 +1.

(2)

( 3) 2+ 1 < 0,

, .

 

: (1) .

:


;


(. 4) : < -2; 0 < x < 2.

. x2 - 64 < 0, ( 8)( + 8) < 0. (. 5) : -8 < x < 8.

(. 6), , ( ): -8 < x < -2; 0 < x < 2. .

:


:

3( 10)( + 10) ³ 0, ( 10)( + 10) ³ 0

(.. ); (. 7) : -10 £ £ 0, ³ 10.

;


(. 8) £ -9; 3 < x < 15.

, (. 9) £ 0; > 3.

: :


:


, y < 2, 75, , 1 < y < 2,75. 2. y = 2


1 < x < 0,5. 0.

: = 0, y =2.

.

: f(x) > g(x), f(x) g(x) , .

y = f(x) = g(x).

, =g(x), f(x)>g(x). 1 2.

f(x,y)>0


, . .

1.


x + > 0.

. > -. = -. , , ( 3 ).

2.

2 > 0.

. < x2 .

= 2 () ( 4).


, ( ).

.

3.



. ( 5), +=4; ; .

, .

1) :  

) 0,

) 1,

) ,

) xÎ (- ¥ ; 1)È (1; ¥ ).

2) :   

) ,

) - 1,

) - 5,

) - 1; - 5.

3) :  
s

) - 2;  ;  5,

) ,

) xÎ (- ¥ ; 3)È (3; ¥ ),

) x Î R.

4) : ax = 1.

) a ¹ 0, xÎ R; a = 0, ,

) a = 0, ; a ¹ 0, x =1/a  ,

) a = 0 , xÎ R; a ¹ 0, x =1/a  .

) .

5) a ax2 - 4x + a + 3 = 0 ?

) - 4 < a < 0,

) 0 < a < 1,

) aÎ (- ¥ ; 0)È (0; ¥ ),

) - 4 < a < 0; 0 < a < 1.

6) a (a - 2)x2

+ (4 - 2a)x + 3 = 0 ?

) 2,

) Î (- ¥ ; 2)È (2; ¥ ),

) 5,

) - 4.

7) : | x2 - 1| + | a(x - 1)| = 0.

) a ¹ 0, x =1; a = 0, x = ± 1,

) ¹ 0, ; a = 0, x = 1.

) x = ± 1,

) .

8) :


y2 - x - 5 = 0.

) (4; 3), (4; - 3),

) (1; 2),

) ,

) xÎ R, y = ± 3.

9) :


) (1; - 1), (5; 5)

) ,

) (1;1),

) (- 2; 3), (3; - 2).

10) a 2x + a > 0 x + 1 - 3a > 0?

)2/7  ,

) ³2/7  ,

) a,

) £2/7  .

11) , :


) Î (-¥ ; -3,5),

) 3,

) 4,

) .

12) , :


)5,

) 3,

) 4,

) .

13) :


 

) 0, 1, 2,

) 4, 5,

) 7,

) .

14) :


)5,

) 3, -4, -5,

) 5,6,

) .

15) :


) (-¥ ; -3)È (0; 3,

) (3, 0)È (0; ¥ ),

) (5; 7),

) .

16) :


) (-¥ ; -3/25)È (0; ¥ ),

) (12, 0)È (7;9),

) (-¥ ;)È (  ; 5),

) .

  1. :


.

) (-9; -5)È (0; 8),

) (8, -7)È (1;3),

) (-¥ ; -7)È (1; 3),

) .

18) :

 
.

) [-4; -2)È (0;5],

) (1, 0]È [1;7),

) (-4; -3)È [5; 7],

) .

19)

½ 1,5 3½ < 3.

) (-2,5; -2)È (0; 3,5],

) (0,5; 1,5),

) (-4,5; -3,5),

) .

20) :

 

) (-3; -1),

) (0; 1),

) (-7; -10),

) .

: 1 - ; 2 - ; 3 - ; 4 - ; 5 - ; 6 - ; 7 - ; 8 - ; 9 - ;10 ;

11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ; 15 ; 16 ; 17 ; 18 ; 19 ; 20 .

:

  1. . . . . , . . . , . , 1997.
  2. . . . . , . . . , . , 1994.
  3. . . . . , . 1991.
  4. 8 . . . . , . , 1995.
  5. . . . . , . , 1994.
  6. . . . . - , . , . , 1998.
  7. . . . . , . , 1996.
  8. . . . ., . . , . , 1987.
  9. . , . . . . , . , 1987.
  10. . . . . . , . , 1985.
  11. . . . . , . , 1989.
  12. . . . . , . , 1994.
  13. . 10 . . . . , . , 1997.
  14. . . . . . , . , 1987.
  15. . 9 . . . . , . , 1996.

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