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Иностранные заимствования в лексике английского языка

, . 1962

,

2001

- . , . , , , , , , , . , , . . - , , , , , , .

, , . , . , , . ., , , , .

. , , , , .

. , , , , . , . , . , , , . .

1.

, . , , , , , . , , , , , . , , : . , -, , , , , , , , . , , . 50 70% , , , , , .. . , , - , , , , , . , , , , , , .

, , , - . , - , . (., rural `` L. Ruralis rus, ruris `, , `, cardiac`` Gk. Kardiakos Kardia ``, ) - - . . , gloss `, ; ` glossary `, `, dynasty `` dynastic `` . , . , , . , , .

. , , , , , , , .

, . , , get ``, skill ``, sky ``, skirt ``, skin ``, they ` `, street `` . , , (garage) chise-longue chic), (., .. datum, nucleus, antenna .. datd, nuclei, antennae) (., taiga, tundra, rouble, knout . , ). , , , .. . , taiga, tundra , , , : taiga swampy coniferous forest of Siberia, beginning where the tundra ends; tundra treeless plain characteristic of arctic and subarctic regions. rouble , , , , : rouble see money table: 100 kopecks, Russia.

1.1.

.

, , . . . , , ( ).

, , , .

. .

, , : ( I V ..), (VI-VII .) (XV-XVI .)

, . 1066 . , . : 1789 .

XI . , . . . , , .. , .

, .. , . , .. , . : , , , .

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-. - , , ( ) ( ).

, .

( ) , ( , ). (football), (trailer), (jeans) . regime, ballet, bouquet .

, : . . (. cruise), (. motel), (. club). : (. Washington), (. Texas), (. London). , , , .

, . . , .. , . , Vaterland, , Fatherland; suicide (sui , cide ); selfservice, , . . , , below one`s dignity ( . infra dignitatem); under consideration ( . sub juice); vicious circle ( . circulus vitiosus); masterpiece ( . chef d`oeuvre); pen name ( . nom de plume) .

, . , : , .

, . , , , ( ). , the Speaker , backbenchers .. , . , . , , [1] . , .

, . . . , .

, .

1) , , , ( ). . .

audio . : auditorum, audience. bios . : biology, biography. entum . : cent, century, centenary. Demos : democracy, demography. Grapho . : graphic, phonograph. Homos . : homonym, homophone. Lexis . ; lexicon . : lexicology, lexicography.

Onoma . : synonim, antonim, pseudonym

Phone . : phonetics, phoneme, phonology

Scribe, scriptum . , : describe, subscribe, scritwriter, inscription .

Tele . , ; telescope, telegraph.

Video . ; visus . 1) ; 2) , : visible, vision, revise, television, evidence.

Vita . : vital, vitality, vitamin.

2) . , , , . : anti-, re-, pro-, counter-, -ism-, -age-, -able-, -ous .

3) .

, , , , , , , river, battle, army, astronomy, arithmetic, poetry, they, them ; sky anger heaven wrath .

4) ( ).

5) . , , , . : catch chase, goal jail, channel canal.

. . , canalis channel canal, . quies, quietus , , quiet, , , quite. corpus corps corpse .

. - (disk disc, shirt skirt) (shade shadow, scale shell).

(shade shadow, frail fragile) (liquor liqueur, through thorough, corpse corps). .

. , . , , . , host guest, hotel hostel, ounce inch, prune plum. , , : ward , guard ; , .

6) . , , , . : , address (.), adresse (.), Adresse (); Telegraph (.); , socialism (.), socialisme (.), Sozialismus (.)

, .

7) , . , , :

, , g []: genre, prestige; ch []: machine, chauffeur; : corps, ballet.

[k] ch: Christ, character; p s : psychology, psychiatry; [f] ph: alphabet, emphasis; i y: sympathy, physics.

2.

2.1.

, . .

, , . :

, , :

) ; ) ; ) ; ) .) .

, .

, . , , , ; , ( , ). , , . . eatable eat able-, , , , ; eat- (. etan).

, , , : , , .: house, . Haus, . huis, . hus, . hus, . day , . Tag, . dag, . dag, . dag. .

, , , , : . day, . Tag; . night, . Nacht; . way, . Weg; . book . Buch ..

, , . , , , .

, . , , , , , - . , inch , (. uncia 1/12 - ), , . . foot , inch, , , .

. . , , , , IX-XI ., , 1066 . , , .

IX-XI . - , .

anger (. anger , , , : . . angr , ); fellow , (. felawe , , : .-. felagi , , ); fit , , , (. fitten : . fitja ); weak (. weik: . veikr) .

, , , , : . angry , wrooth , ; skye , ; heaven , ; taken , , niman , ; they hi, heo, he .

, , , , , , , . , , . -. , , , - . , , . , ( , ) , (, , , ) , , . , .

, , . , - , , . , , they hi (heo, he) , , they.

, , . , ( , ).

. . Ken : (. cennan) , , Kenna , ; . dwell , : . dwellan , , , , dvelza, - sk, .

, . : anger, angry, fellow, fit, get, hit, leg, low, skill, take, want, week, till, they . (they take) (sky . heaven, skin . hide). : , : hap , , haphazard , , haphazard , hapless , , happen , happening , , happy , happily , happiness , perhaps ; weak , weaken , , weak-headed , , weak-kneed , weakling , weakness .

, , . , . , [c], , , [] (sky, skin, skill, scathe ). , [], , - : scobs , , scoff , scope , , scorch , score , Scotch , scout .

. , - : tungsten, geyser, ski . , , ( ): waltz , nickel , zinc , Luftwaffe .

2.2.

, , . , , , , , , ( ). , , , , , , : action (. accioun , : . accioun .); agreeable , (ca. agreable: . agreable); beauty (. beautee: . beate); carpenter (carpenter: . carpentier); duke (. duk: . duc) .

XVI , : , , , .

, , , , - . XIII . . -, - ( ), XIII.

, , , , , -, , . : , .

, , . , : , face , gay , hour , ink , joy , letter , money , pay , river , several , table , very . , , -, , , , , , -, , , .

, , , . , , , .

: able-, , acceptable accept ; ence- difference, excellence, evidence, violence; .

, . , , , , : honour (. honour: . honur, honour) honour (. honouren: . honorer) .

, , , . , : abuse , abuse , , (. abusen , , , : . abuser) .

, , , , : , , honour (to) honour; labour (to) labour; note (to) labour; note (to) note; pain (to) pain .., , abuse (to) abuse; act (to) act; direct (to) direct ..

, , honour () honour (), , abuse () abuse (), . , , .

.

, . , , .

. XIX XX . , , .

( XX ). . , . , , .

, , . , - .

2.3.

, , , , . , , - . , . c : port (Lat. portus), cycene (kitcen) Lat. coquina, piper (pepper) Lat. Piper .

, - , - . , - . , , - . , , , , .

597 . - . , , , . , .

, .

, , : ancor (anchor) Lat. ancora; box (box) Lat. buxus; cealc (chalk) Lat. calcem; paper (paper) Lat. paryrus; pyle (pillow) Lat. pulvinus; post (post) Lat. postis; purs (purse) Lat. bursa; sicol (sikle) Lat. secula;

: cappe (cap) Lat. cappa; socc (sock) Lat. soccus.

: circul (circle) Lat. circulus; pund (pound) Lat. pondo; ynce (inch) Lat. incia.

, : assa (ass) Lat. asinus; camel (camel) Lat. camelus; turtle (turtle) Lat. turtur; truht (trout) Lat. tructa.

: palm (palm) Lat. palma; pere (pear) Lat. pirum; rose (rose) Lat. rosa; lilie (lily) Lat. lilium; plante (plant) Lat. planta.

, :

engel (angel) Lat. angelus; biscop (bishop) Lat. episcopus; cyrice (church) Lat. cyriaca; munuc (monk) Lat. monachus; nunne (nun) Lat. nonna; papa (pope) Lat. papa.

, , 450 , .

XI-XIII , . , , , , , , .

, , . , , , , . . , , . , , , . , , .

XVI, XV-XVI ., . , , . , , , . . .

, , , ate-, I , separate, translate, meditate, exaggerate, congratulate; , ute-, III , prosecute, execute; , ant- ent-, , evident, transparent, patient, triumphant, apparent, obedient.

XVII, XVIII . , , , , inertia, sanatorium, genus, radius, curriculum, datum, vacuum.

, , , , . . : , , . , : alma mater, bona fide, ex officio, conditio sine qua non .

, , . - , . . : , . , , . - .

. ; . , .

, . , , , . , .

, , . . , , . XVII-XVIII. , , , , , , . , , : obligation, constitution, alibi, agriculture, microscope, modern, laboratory, program, system, socialism, communism, capitalism, climate, radius, tradition .

2.4.

, , , V ., . - , . , . () . : bard , , ; bin , ( , ); brat , , ; brock ; down ; dun -.

, , , .

, , . , : bannock ; cross ; pillion ; plaid .

, : Aberdeen, Ben Lomond, Dunbar, Kildare, Dunstable, Billigshurt.

, , .

coracle , ;

cromlech ( );

eisteddfod ;

flanel ;

flummery , ; , .

( ). , , .

:

lan , ( );

claymore ( );

rag , ;

glen ;

loch , ;

veel () ;

slogan ,

tartan ;

:

banshee , ;

bog , ;

galore

shamrock

shillelagh

spalpen

tory ,

2.5.

, , .

, , , , , -, XII . , : , , , , .: meodu, . . mead; . henap, . . hemp; . meolk, . . milk; . ploz, . . plough.

sable (). XII-XIII ., , . XIV , , , .

, , XVI , .

, , , , , .

, beluga, sterlet, rouble, pood, czar, ztarosta, moujik, kvass, shuba, vodka, samovar, troika, babushka, pirozhki.

. : siberite ( ), uralite ( ). .

XIX - , - . , Decembrist , nihilist , nihilism, nihilistic, narodnik, intelligentsia. , nihilist, Decembrist, intelligentsia . , , .

XVIII-XIX ., . , , , ispravnik, miroed, obrok, barshina , . , , , , . kopeck, knout ( : naut), sterlet , . steppes, sables .

narodism, nihilistic, to knout , sable ( ) .

XIX , , , - . XX , .

, .

2.6.

, . , , , . , , , , , , , .

, , , - . , . .

16 . , , ; ; , . : halt (!), lance-knight (), kreuzer (, ), junker ().

XVI , . . . , . , , , . 17 . , : zinc, bismut, cobalt .

XVII . , groschen (); drillinq (); plunder (); staff (); fieldmarshal () .

XVIII , . , , .

XVIII , , : iceberq, wolfram, nickel, qletscher.

XIX . , . ( , , ). . , , , : ibdogermanic (Indogermanisch), Middle English (Mittelenglisch), umlaut, ablaut, grade (Grad), breaking, folk etymology (Folksetymologie), vowel0shift (Lauterverschieburg), loanword (Lehnwort).

, : marzipan, kohl-rabi, schnapps, kummel, kirsch, vermuth.

: leitmotiv, kapellmeister, claviatur, humovresgue.

: spits, poodle.

XX , , , . , , . : Black Shirt (Schwarhemd), Brown Shirt (Braunhemd), der Euhrer, gauleiter, Gestapo, Hitlerism, Nazi, Stormtroopers (Stumabteilung), the Third Reich ( ), blitzkrieg, bunker, Luftwaffe, Wehrmacht.

2.7.

, , . XVI . . , , , , .

, , , .

, . . . , . , .

pack (, ) 1225 .

XIV-XVII . : bulwark (); ledger ( ); keel (); freight (); hose (); skipper (); rover (); deck (); spool (); nap ( ).

XVII . , , : easel (); landscape (); sketch ().

2.8.

XIV . , . III . , , XIV , , , .

. , . . , , , , , , .

, , , , . , barouche ( baroccio ); cohl-rabi (. cavoli rape ) . XVI , XVI .

(XIV-XV .) . : ducat, million, lombard. : alarm (), brigand (), bark ().

XVI : carat (), traffic ( ), porcelain (), contraband (), bankrupt (), soldo (), battalion, squadron, citadel, pistol.

, , (, , , ). : sonnet, stanza, motto, model, miniature, madonna, fresco.

: bandit, biretta, mustachio, lottery, bravo, duel, cavalcade, escort, artichoke, gondola.

XVII , , , , : manifesto, intrigue, bulletin, risk, umbrella, balcony, corridor, pedal, solo, opera, vivace, piano, largo, allegro, grotto, volcano, cascade.

XVIII soprano, falsetto, viola, cantata, mandolin, trombone, trio, fantasia, aria, tempo, obligate, crescendo, andante.

: picturesque, costume, terracotta, dilettante.

XIX , . , carbonary, cammorra. , , , , , . : sonatina, cavatina, legato, prima donna, diva, fiasco, studio, replica.

XX : autostrada, duce fascist.

fasces ( ).

, , , , , sotto voce (, ), traditori .

2.9.

, XVI . , , XV - XVI . (1492 .) (1498 .) , , , , , .

, , XIX . , , , cotton, zenith. XV : lemon, tare () .

XVI , , , , , .

XVI , , , , . XVI .

: infanta, don, hidalgo, renegade, bravado, armada, comrade, mulatto, mosquito.

, XVII , : cargo, guitar, castanet, toreador, matador, duenna, dona, embargo, parade, escapade.

, XVIII , , , , - . , quadrille, bolero, picador, marinade, caramel, flotilla, cigar.

XIX . . : querilla ( : werra-war), cigarette, lasso, mustang.

, , . , , : cotton, zenith, renegade, grenade, alligator, banana, cargo, guitar, guerilla, cigarette, cafeteria, tango, rumba.

dinero, macho, amigo, gringo, el nino(a) .

2.10.

, . .

, , , , , .

. , , , .

: marmalade, flamingo, madeira, buffalo, coco(nut), port (wine), guinea, caste, mandarin.

2.11.

. (VIII-XV ), (XI-XIII ), ( XVI ), , , , , , .

, . , , , , . , , .

. ( ) , , .

, , , . . , .

. : , , , , . XIV-XVI .

: caliph, mameluke, shekh, hashish, nadir.

: calibre, sultan, magazine.

: algebra, carat, tariff.

: apricot.

: alcohol.

assassin, , , , , .

2.12.

. , , ( ), , . , , , . . , , XV , .

. . , , . XVI .

, , : satrap, tiard. , VI ..) XIII scarlet.

XIV : tiger, azure, arsenic, salamander.

, , , . , , , , , , . , : shah, dervich, toman, divan, caravan, bazaar, caravan serai, padichah, dinar, shawl.

2.13.

.

XVI , , . , XVII , - , . - , , . , .

, , , .

, nabob , maharadja (h) , bungalow , , jut , jungle , cashmere , pyjamas .

, , , . . , - . , , , .

, , .

, , , .

, . , , .

, . , , , , . , , .

, , , . , , , . , , , , . , , , .

, , ; , , , , .

Modern English Lexicology. Moscow external university of humanities, 1996.

.. . ., 1982.

- . .

.. . ., 1977.

.. . ., 1989.

. . ., 1956.

.. . ., 1991.

, . . ., 1981.

.., .. . ., 1995.

., . . ., 1963.

.. . ., 1949.

.. . : , 1992.

[1] . . ., 1966. . 201.


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