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. , . (, .. ). , .. , . .tif, .gif, .jpg, .png, .bmp, .pcx .
, . , . , , . , ( ) . , GIF, JPG, PNG.
() .gif, .jpg .png ( ). , . .gif .jpg . , . .
- , . , , (, ..) (, , ..), ... . , , . . . . , . .
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, , . , , , . , ; . "" . , , . - , , Web.
(plug-ins) Web, . 25 . . URL ( ) .
, , . CorelXara 1.5 , .GIF JPEG . Expression 1.0 Fractal Design , , .
, , , , , . ; , . , , . , .
, , , . Microsoft, Corel Lotus , . Microsoft Office 97 , , . , AutoShape ( "" ), WordArt , .
, FlowCharter 7 Micrografx (http://www.micrografx.com) Visio Professional 4.5 Visio Corp. (http://www.visio.com). , , AutoCAD LT Autodesk (http://www.autodesk.com) Design CAD 97 ViaGrafx (http://www.viagrafx.com).
, , Planix Draftix SoftDesk (http://www.softdesk.com), Visual Home Books That Work (www.btw.com) 3D Home Architect, Edition 2 Broderbund Software (http://www.broderbund.com/3dhome).
.
1.1. Corel Draw 8-9
CorelDraw . Corel , Corel Photo-Paint. , , - . , Web, CorelDraw CorelXara.
CorelDraw CMYK . GIF JPEG , Matchprint, FreeHand , Web .
. "" ; . CorelXara 1.0, CorelDraw , CorelXara 1.5 .
CorelDraw , , , - Canvas FreeHand. "" - , .
, , - PhotoShop. , CorelDraw Corel Photo-Paint, CorelDraw. , , CorelDraw , Smart Mouse Canvas Designer.
CMYK - CorelDraw - , Kodak CMS. -, CorelDraw CorelDraw View Kodak. -, , , . HP DeskJet 310C, , RGB, . , - , - -, - .
Web, . CorelDraw , , GIF JPEG , HP. , Web, . Corel. CMX , CMX , CDR, Web. , Barista, . Barista - Corel Java Web - , .
, CorelDraw . CorelDraw , Web . CorelDraw , , , Web- Corel , .
1.2. Adobe Illustrator 6
Adobe Systems , , Adobe Illustrator 6.0. - , .
Adobe Illustrator Windows 95, Windows 3.1 . Illustrator CorelDraw, Macromedia FreeHand 7, -, Adobe .
- Illustrator - - , . - . , Macromedia FreeHand EPS AI CMYK, Illustrator. CorelDraw , , , . Canvas 5 , 140 2, Illustrator 0,2 2. Micrografx Designer , Windows 95 Microsoft Office , CorelXara . Fractal Design Expression Skeletal Strokes .
, Illustrator , . , , 5 CorelDraw, Illustrator 67 , . , Illustrator.
Illustrator , , ("") . (blend) , . , Illustrator LOGO.EPS, , Illustrator. , FreeHand, EPS, , AI Illustrator. TIFF , Illustrator , , . Illustrator Adobe Separator ( Adobe Streamline, Adobe Type Manager Adobe Type on Call) CMYK.
, Illustrator "" , . , , Kerning Control. Illustrator RTF, , Helvetica. , Illustrator .GIF JPEG Web. Illustrator, CMYK FreeHand ( , FreeHand Windows, Mac). , Illustrator S3 (Adobe ).
Illustrator, , . Adobe , - . Illustrator , FreeHand .
1.3. Micrografx Designer 7
Micrografx Designer 7 - , , , - . Designer 7 FlowCharter 7 Picture Publisher 7 Micrografx Graphics Suite, .
Designer - . - , , (curvygon). ; . , , , , . , , , , .
, , . , "" . CorelXara, Designer , WYSIWYG. , .
, . . Reference Point x y .
Designer 7 - , , , - , , , . "" , , . , . , Designer EPS CMYK RGB Adobe Illustrator. .
Designer Picture Publisher OLE. Designer GIF , GIF , , JPEG , . Designer URL , Micrografx QuickSilver 3. , , CorelXara Macromedia Shockwave.
QuickSilver , . , , . , , . , , . , Web.
Designer 7 , CMYK - . , , Web, , .
1.4. Macromedia FreeHand 7
Macromedia FreeHand 7 CMYK Web. FreeHand , , , , , , .
FreeHand , . , Pantone Hexachrome , Web, Mac, PC.
Xtra; . Xtra , Xtra, . " "; Xtra Tools, Color Mixer Color List.
FreeHand , . FreeHand , . , , - CorelDraw - FreeHand. () , , , "" . , , .
, FreeHand . , "" , , , . , . CorelDraw , nt instrument , , FreeHand . FreeHand . , , .
FreeHand . FreeHand . , , , , Shockwave. , , ; , .
FreeHand , . . , .
Web, GIF JPEG, , . , , FHC Macromedia Shockwave Graphics HTML. FreeHand URL . Web , Shockwave , , "" . Afterburner Xtra ; 30 75%.
FreeHand , . FreeHand - (WYSIWYG), .
1.5. Corel Xara 1.5
CorelXara - "" . CorelXara : , ?
CorelXara 1.5 - . . , , , . Corel CorelXara 1.5 CorelDraw 7 Web, , Web CorelXara CorelDraw .
. . ( ) (). . . CorelXara. "", - . , .
CorelXara . , , , , (). Transparency Selector Toolbar , Infobar . . , , - , -, , , . , , CorelXara .
CorelXara . , . , CorelXara , , , CorelXara . , , , . , , CorelDraw .
Web
Web - CorelXara Netscape Navigator Microsoft Internet Explorer - 25 000%. Shockwave FreeHand Macromedia , CorelXara , 133- Pentium. Web, , . 71 ( 45- JPEG 154- GIF). Web.
CorelXara Web ; GIF. Arrange Create Bitmap Copy "". GIF .
CorelXara , . -, , CorelXara .
1.6. Canvas 5
, , , Deneba Systems Canvas 5, , , .
Canvas, , . , Canvas , , .
- Presentation (), Publication () Illustration () - , Canvas . Illustration , (, Deneba , ). Publication , . Publication Illustration, Publication.
Canvas Illustration, . Canvas , LOGO.EPS; Adobe Illustrator .
. Canvas , . , , , - .
, . Canvas . , , 15 , . - , ; , . , , , , .
Canvas , . "1 = 1/4 ". , SmartMouse . , , .
, , , , Canvas . , Corel Photo-Paint, Macromedia xRes Micrografx Picture Publisher, OLE , . Canvas , FreeHand Photoshop ( ) , CorelDraw.
Canvas Web-, GIF-, JPEG-. Canvas , , . , Web (Deneba , , Web) , . , Canvas , .
1.7. Fractal Design Expression
, Fractal Design Expression, . , , , . Expression , .
, CorelXara Designer, , Expression , . Expression, Skeleton Stroke, (skeleton) "" (stroke). /, - /. .
Expression , . , . (Graphical Element) Skeleton Stroke. Stroke Warehouse , "" . , . , .
, , . , , , . "" , , . Expression "" , "". Multi-View Strokes AVI .
Expression (""), , "" Natural Media Strokes, , . , Expression .
Expression , , . Expression , . , , . Adobe Illustrator, ; Expression EPS, SoundBoard. , Expression ; . Expression .
Expression , Adobe Illustrator Photoshop CorelDraw. Expression, Fractal Design , CMYK. Expression, 200 / ( ) . Expression .
Web. GIF Multi-View Strokes Expression, JPEG. , Expression GIF, JPEG, .
Expression , , "". , , . Expression , , , , .
1.8.
. 1. :
Adobe Illustrator |
Canvas 5 |
Corel Draw |
Corel Xara 1.5 |
Fractal Design Expression |
Macromedia FreeHand 7 |
Micrografx Designer 7 |
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
|||
|
|||||||
Web |
N/A |
N/A |
|||||
|
|||||||
|
|||||||
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
|||
|
|||||||
Web |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A - . .
. , .
, , .
. , (spot color) (process color) .
Web , Web. .
Micron Millenia Pentium/133, 64- , 2- , MGA Millennium Matrox Graphics 4- , 20- FlexScan T2-20 EIZO Nanao Technologies 6x8- Wacom Technology ArtZII.
. 2. .
+ , - |
Adobe Illustrator |
Canvas 5 |
Corel Draw |
Corel Xara 1.5 |
Fractal Design Expression 1.0 |
Macromedia FreeHand 7 |
Micrografx Designer 7 |
/ OLE/ OLE |
+ + + |
- + + |
+ + + |
- + - |
- - - |
- + - |
- + + |
|
CMYK |
CMYK, HSL, RGB |
CIE lab, CMY, CMYK, HSB, HSL, RGB, YIQ |
CMYK, HSV, RGB |
CMYK, HSL, RGB |
CMYK, HSL, RGB |
CMYK, HSL, RGB |
|
|||||||
/ |
+ + |
+ - |
- - |
- - |
- - |
+ - |
+ + |
/ |
- - |
+ + |
+ + |
+ + |
+ + |
+ + |
+ + |
- / |
- + |
+ + |
+ + |
- + |
- - |
- + |
+ + |
/ |
- - |
+ - |
+ + |
- - |
+ - |
+ - |
+ - |
/ |
- - |
+ - |
+ + |
- - |
- - |
+ - |
+ + |
/ / |
- - - |
+ + - |
+ + + |
- - + |
- - - |
+ + - |
+ + + |
|
|||||||
, |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
// |
- - + |
+ - + |
+ + + |
+ - + |
- - + |
- - + |
+ - + |
/*/PostScript |
- - + |
+ - - |
+ + + |
+ + - |
+ + - |
+ - + |
+ - - |
// |
- - - |
- + + |
+ - + |
- - - |
- - - |
+ - - |
+ + + |
|
- |
+ |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
/ |
- - |
+ - |
- - |
+ - |
+ + |
- - |
+ - |
|
|||||||
/ |
-- |
+ + |
+ + |
+ + |
+ + |
+ + |
+ + |
/ |
+ + |
+ + |
+ + |
+ + |
- + |
+ + |
+ + |
/ |
- + |
+ + |
+ + |
+ + |
- + |
- + |
+ + |
// |
- - - |
+ + - |
+ + + |
+ + + |
- + + |
+ + + |
+ + + |
/ |
+ - |
+ + |
+ + |
+ + |
+ - |
+ + |
+ + |
/ |
- - |
+ + |
+ + |
+ + |
+ - |
+ + |
+ + |
// |
- - - |
- + - |
+ + + |
- - + |
- - + |
- + + |
- + + |
/ () |
+ + |
- + |
+ + |
+ - |
- + |
+ + |
+ + |
/ |
- - |
+ + |
+ + |
- + |
- - |
- + |
- + |
/ |
- - |
- - |
+ + |
- + |
- - |
- + |
+ + |
/ / PhotoShop |
- - - |
- - - |
+ + + |
+ - - |
- - - |
- - + |
+ - + |
|
|||||||
// |
+ + + |
+ + + |
+ + + |
+ + + |
- - + |
+ + + |
+ + + |
/ |
+ + |
+ + |
+ + |
- - |
- - |
+ + |
+ + |
/ |
+ + |
+ + ( ) |
+ + |
+ - |
+ - |
+ + |
+ + |
/ |
- - |
+ + |
+ + |
+ - |
- - |
+ - |
- - |
/ / |
- + + |
+ + + |
+ + + |
+ + + |
- + + |
+ - + |
+ + + |
AI/EPS/WMF |
+ + + |
+ + + |
+ + + |
+ + + |
+ + + |
+ + + |
+ + + |
CDR/DXF/PDF |
- + - |
+ + + |
+ + + |
+ - - |
+ - - |
+ - + |
+ + - |
PCX/PhotoCD/Pict (Macintosh) |
- - + |
+ + + |
+ + + |
+ + + |
- - + |
- - + |
+ + + |
JPG/TGA/TIFF |
- - - |
+ + + |
+ + + |
+ + + |
- - - |
+ + + |
+ + + |
AI/EPS/WMF |
+ + + |
+ + - |
+ + + |
+ + + |
+ + + |
+ + + |
+ + + |
CDR/DXF/PDF |
- + - |
- + + |
+ + + |
+ - - |
+ - - |
- - + |
+ + - |
PCX/Pict (Macintosh) |
+ + |
+ - |
+ + |
+ + |
- + |
- + |
+ + |
JPG/TGA/TIFF |
- - + |
+ + + |
+ + + |
+ + + |
+ + + |
+ + + |
+ + + |
Web |
|||||||
GIF/ GIF/ GIF- |
- - - |
+ - - |
+ + + |
+ + + |
- - - |
+ + - |
+ - - |
GIF/ GIF/ GIF- |
- - - |
+ - - |
+ + - |
+ + + |
- - - |
+ + - |
+ - - |
URL |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
URL |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
+ |
+ |
|
|||||||
// |
- - - |
+ + + |
+ + + |
+ + + |
- - N/A |
+ + + |
+ + + |
|
Focoltone, Pantone, Toyo, Trumatch |
Pantone, Toyo, Trumatch |
Focoltone, Pantone, Toyo, Trumatch |
Focoltone, Pantone |
Focoltone, Pantone, Toyo, Trumatch |
Pantone |
|
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
- |
+ |
+ |
N/A - . .
* .
2.
, : . . , , , , ..NT> , - . , .
( , ). (bitmap), - (pixel - picture element). , . . - , , , , .
BMP (Windows Device Independent Bitmap) Windows, , . , Windows , , . ( 256 ), RGB- (16.700.000 ). , RLE, , ( .rle). OS/2. Macintosh BMP Photoshop'.
WMF (Windows Metafile) Windows. (Clipboard). Windows, . , , WMF "" . WMF (!) , , , Macintosh.
PICT (Macintosh QuickDraw Picture Format) Macintosh. , . Mac'e . .pic .pct. PICT , .
TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) TIFF , Macintosh . TIFF . RGB, CMYK Pantone. TIFF Photoshop'a, Alpha- Adobe Premiere . TIFF : Macintosh. , Intel Motorola . - , . LZW-, TIFF'e. (, QuarkXPress 3.x Adobe Streamline) , , . 3-4 , .
Scitex CT ( - .sct) Scitex Scitex CT TIFF'a, . (Imagesetter) Scitex (Dolev) .
PS (Adobe PostScript) PostScript - ( ) Adobe. .ps , , .prn Print to file PostScript-. ( , ), , , : , , , . - , , True Type Adobe Type 1. . Adobe PostScript level 4. PostScript - . , .
EPS (Encapsulated PostScript) EPS - PostScript. , . PostScript, EPS , Adobe Illustrator, Photoshop Macromedia FreeHand . EPS , , . , PostScript-. EPS , , Duotone, Clippind Path - , QuarkXPress, PageMaker, FreeHand ( - FreeHand'a ). (Image header). PICT, TIFF WMF, EPS , , Photoshop Illustrator. , PostScript- . PostScript- . Macintosh (!), PICT. , , - , , . . TIFF. , . CorelDRAW WMF, Microsoft - . EPS , - Photoshop EPS. , , Photoshop' EPS Encoding (). ASCII , , . Macintosh Binary () , , ASCII, . , .
JPEG. EPS- Preview () JPEG- , JPEG! JPEG- Photoshop EPS , JPEG'e. - Photoshop EPS. (CMYK) Photoshop EPS JPEG- RGB ! . - , , , . , - ( QuarkXPress 3.x, Black, ), - ( QuarkXPress 4 PageMaker, , - Cyan, ). TIFF'e. , , EPS . , . , Quark EPS Corel' EPS 6 - . , , - EPS- Adobe, PostScript: Photoshop Illustrator.
Illustrator'e. EPS-. .
PDF (Portable Document Format) PDF (Portable Document Format) Adobe , ( ) , . (portable), PDF- . - . Adobe Acrobat. Acrobat Distiller PDF PostScript-, Acrobat Exchange : , , Web-. PDF'. PDF - - . 3 , PostScript-. Exchange PDF PostScript'. , , .. PDF e-mail . , PDF . PDF - . http://www.adobe.com/acrobat Adobe Acrobat Reader, , . ( Publish), Adobe , Photoshop'a, Illustrator'a PageMaker'a, PDF.
PSD (Adobe Photoshop Document) PSD - Photoshop. , , , - , Photoshop. 3.0, RLE-, 4- . PSD , Fractal Design Painter Corel PHOTO-PAINT PSD, PHOTO-PAINT 8 PSD 100- . 5- , , (spot) , Photoshop'a 5- 3- . Photoshop'e 2.5 , , .
AI (Adobe Illustrator Document) Adobe Illustrator , . , - 33 . FreeHand' CorelDRAW , , - AI - PostScript. AI . Illustrator' , Macintosh . 3- 4- AI. , Photoshop'e (Web-, ), Illustrator 7 , .. Photoshop' . Photoshop Illustrator'a (AI EPS) .
FH8 (FreeHand Document, ) . FreeHand, Illustrator 7 Macintosh Macromedia. 7- 8- . . FreeHand'a PostScript.
CDR (CorelDRAW Document) , , CorelDRAW , . (FreeHand, Illustrator, PageMaker - ) CDR. 7- 8- CorelDRAW . , , CDR 4545 ( ); 4- , . Corel , Macintosh CorelDRAW . - "Corel". - CorelDRAW 6 for Macintosh , 8- , ,
3.
, . 2D, 3D . , . . , . ( ), . , , , , . . , , . , . , .
.. , : , , , , , .. 3D- , . .
(3D). . . , . , . , - . . . ( ""), , . , . . , , .
3D- 2D-. , , , .
, .., , , , .. ...
4.
, , , , , , , . . , , . , , , .
CAD/CAM . , Boeing, .
CAD/CAM walkthrough ( ). , McDonald's, 1987 , , . , (Baltimore Orioles'Camden Yards Park).
, : , , , ( , ). .
. , . , NASA Ames Research Center , . NASA Ames . NASA , , . , , : Fakespace, Cristal River Engineering Telepresence Research.
, , , - .
,
, - , , . 1991 , . , 1998 . , , . , , , , , .
"" , , , , , . - , - . , , .
, . " " 1993 . 3D , , 1994 : "The Lion King", "The Mask", "True Lies" "Forrest Gump".
. . 30% ( 144 . .) , .
Media Lab "-". , News Future , , , , .
5.
-- , Internet , Web- . : Web , .
, Internet -- GIF JPEG -- . , , (, GIF89a 1989 .) -- . , , , . , GIF 256- , JPEG . , 1995 . GIF , Unisys, LZW, CompuServe, , , .
Internet , GIF, . Portable Network Graphics (PNG) W3C 1996 . -- PNG 1.1.
PNG 48- 16- - , GIF. , - (alpha channel), , -. PNG , , LZ77, ZIP-.
PNG GIF JPEG. . , : Internet Explorer 4.0 Netscape Navigator 4.04 PNG ; . , ( ).
Web FlashPix, : Kodak, Hewlett-Packard, Microsoft Live Picture. JPEG-, , . -- . , , . Microsoft PhotoDraw 2000, Internet Explorer, , LivePicture www.livepicture.com/download/clients/lpviewer_win.html.
Iterated Systems, (Fractal Image Format, FIF), FIF .
, , JPEG, : , , Web-.
-- , wavelet-. , . , , JPEG 2000. , : 256 , -; ICC-; . wavelet- -- . Wavelet- , , .
AT&T wavelet- -- DjVu. -- . , Web . AT&T djvu.research.att.com DjVu -, , .
, -- . , . , , - , , , Web- .
, . , Web , , , . , .
Web , - .
, Macromedia, -- Flash. () . Flash 3 , , , , . , , , .
, , , Macromedia . -- , Flash -- . , . , . Web Schematics, DrawML, PGML VML.
Web Schematics . , , , Adobe FrameMaker Microsoft Word. HTML CSS1.
Microsoft, Hewlett-Packard , , World Wide Web (W3C) , .
(Vector Markup Language - VML) Web- , . , , Microsoft, .
, , , , .
Web- , , GIF, JPEG PNG. , , .
VML Web- Web- , .
, - . - . , , , .
VML Extensible Markup Language (XML - ), HTML. Web- , , .
Microsoft HP W3C VML AutoDesk, Macromedia Visio Corp.
, VML.
, Microsoft VML Microsoft Explorer, Windows Microsoft Office, .
.
.
, Macromedia Flash SWF. Autodesk AutoCAD DWF.
, VML , Office HTML- , .
Microsoft Word HTML-, Word , - .
Word HTML. VML , - .
, , - Macromedia, Flash.
, - .
XML 1.0 VML , W3C. - HTML 4.0 Cascading Style Sheets 2.0, Web. #
IETF Internet
Computer Graphics Metafile (CGM) (IETF) (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension Image Type) Internet. CGM, CAD, CAE , ( GIF JPEG) Internet. .
300, CGM- . , CGM FIGleaf Inline Electronic Book Technologies. - , Netscape Navigator 2.0, http://www.ct.ebt.com/figinline.
- , / - . - 100 - . , , 12%. , , 10% 5 . , , , , , .. . , , - , .
100 1964 50.000 1977 , , 1994 , , 3 . 60 . . , 36 . ., 300 . . .
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