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.
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100Base VG AnyLAN, ,
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.
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BUS LECS.
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.
, ,
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.
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,
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100VG-AnyLAN
1993 AT&T Hewlett-Packard
IEEE 802.12,
100BaseVG.
IEEE 802.3 (
100BaseT, Ethernet ).
IBM
Ethernet Token Ring.
- 100VG-AnyLAN.
,
.
Ethernet, Token Ring,
, ,
.
.
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.
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Ring-Ethernet. 100VG-Ethernet
Ethernet (10 /)
.
IEEE 802.1D
.
. 100Base-T Ethernet ,
.
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. ,
. ""
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). ,
( 20%),
. ,
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200 .
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IEEE 802.12, 100VG-AnyLAN
(2- ISO)
(1- ISO).
:
(LLC - Logical Link Control) (MAC
- Medium Access Control).
OSI
.
,
,
,
.
Ethernet Token Ring.
- -
,
.
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,
(IEEE 802.3 802.5).
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.
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,
.
,
.
Ethernet Token Ring
( , - ).
: Ethernet
, Token Ring - .
Ethernet (IEEE 802.3) :
DA - (6 );
SA - (6 );
L - (2 );
;
FCS - .
Token Ring (IEEE 802.5) .
100VG-AnyLAN , ,
4 16 / (
):
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SA - (6 );
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;
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ISO
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(NRZ-),
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Fast Ethernet
Ethernet, , .
.
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CSMACD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection -
).
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,
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- Ethernet, Fast Ethernet
10 100 /.
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Ethernet 70%
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100
.
Ethernet ,
, .
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.
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, .
.
, ,
.
,
Ethernet. Ethernet-
,
,
.
, ,
.
,
.
.
100BaseT - 10BaseT
Fast Ethernet 1992 .
Fast Ethernet (Fast
Ethernet Alliance, FEA). FEA
Fast Ethernet 802.3
(Institute of Electrical and
Electronic Engineers, IEEE),
Ethernet.
: 1995
, Fast Ethernet
802.3u.
IEEE Fast Ethernet 100BaseT.
: 100BaseT 10BaseT
10 / 100 /. 100BaseT
CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with
Collision Detection), 10BaseT. , Fast
Ethernet ,
.
, 100BaseT
10BaseT.
100BaseT , Fast
Ethernet . Fast Ethernet
,
Ethernet, ,
100BaseT 10BaseT
,
. , 100BaseT
Ethernet,
,
, Ethernet
. , 100BaseT
, Ethernet.
,
.
,
.
, CSMA/CD, ,
. ISO/OSI CSMA/CD
(Media Access Control, MAC).
, , ,
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Access Collision Detection. ,
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(carrier tone), -
,
. , .
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Collision Detection - -
,
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, , . ,
, ,
, .
(
),
. Collision Detection ,
. ,
, .
FAST ETHERNET
CSMA/CD,
100BaseT ,
- ,
Ethernet, .
Fast Ethernet:
100BaseTX, 100BaseT4 100BaseFX. 100BaseTX 100BaseT4
, 100BaseFX
.
100BaseTX UTP STP.
, .
: EIA/TIA-568 UTP 5 STP 1
IBM. 100BaseTX
,
-
.
, 100BaseTX,
5, .
( 3).
,
(punchdown blocks), ,
5. ,
.
100BaseT4
. , 100BaseT4
: ,
, , .
, 100BaseT4 ,
. 100 / , 100BaseT4
,
. 100BaseT4
UTP 3 5, UTP 5 STP 1.
100BaseT4
. 3 4 , , ,
, 5,
. ,
100BaseT4
.
Fast Ethernet
62.5- 125- .
100BaseFX -
Fast Ethernet .
100BaseFX:
,
.
Fast Ethernet Ethernet,
10BaseT 100BaseT
- .
Fast Ethernet 250
; 10
Ethernet (2500 ).
CSMA/CD 100/.
,
, ,
. Ethernet
10 / ( 10Base5) ,
,
, 512- (
Ethernet)
. Ethernet 10 /
2500 (. . 1).
, 512- ( 802.3u
, 802.3, 512 ),
Fast Ethernet, 250 ,
(. . 2).
250 ,
-
, , ,
. 100BaseT 250
(. .3).
,
. ,
100 ; Fast Ethernet,
10BaseT,
100. ()
,
.
.
.
, 100BaseFX
,
450 .
100BaseFX,
.
100BASET
, , Fast Ethernet
,
100BaseT , ,
100BaseT.
, 100BaseT,
Ethernet 10/100 /. (
100BaseT) 10 / 100
/. ,
100BaseT, 100BaseT.
10/100
, ,
100/. (
, ) 100BaseT,
, ,
100BaseT.
10BaseT, ,
10BaseT.
100BaseT
10/100, ,
100BaseT, 10BaseT.
, , , , Fast
Ethernet .
, -
,
Fast Ethernet .
, 100BaseT
50-
- , , 10BaseT. ,
10BaseT.
Gigabit Ethernet.
Gigabit Ethernet - Ethernet ? , ,
Gigabit Ethernet Alliance
, ,
CSMA/CD,
, Gigabit Ethernet Fast
Ethernet , Fast Ethernet Ethernet. ( , ,
Hewlett-Packard , 100VG-AnyLAN,
Fast Ethernet.) , Ethernet
,
, , Gigabit
Ethernet -
(, , ,
). , Gigabit Ethernet
. ,
, .
Gigabit Ethernet.
IEEE, ,
802.3z Gigabit Ethernet Task Force.
, , ,
.
,
, - ,
Dataquest. , Gigabit Ethernet
1997 ,
.
Gigabit Ethernet
(differential mode
delay, DMD) .
, .
( )
, ,
Gigabit Ethernet.
Cisco Systems
. ,
.
, - ,
Cisco. -
.
, 3Com, ,
Gigabit Ethernet.
, Gigabit Ethernet 3Com
,
. ,
56-
, - . -
, .
, Gigabit Ethernet,
, -
. , ,
,
.
, Gartner Group, ,
Gigabit Ethernet,
, ,
. ,
Gigabit Ethernet, -
,
.
GIGABIT ETHERNET
IEEE 802.3z
Gigabit Ethernet.
ANSI X3T11 Fibre Channel, , : FC-0
( ) FC-1 ( ).
Fibre Channel
1,062 . Gigabit Ethernet
1,25 .
8B/10B 1 /.
Gigabit Ethernet
:
1000BaseLX
,
1000BaseSX ,
150- 1000BaseCX
.
100- 5
.
, IEEE 1997 .
1000BaseT
5 100 (. .
200 , 100BaseT).
803.2ab.
, Fibre Channel, , ,
, .
1 -
(
)
1000BaseSX (850 ) 220
(62,5 ); 500 (50 )
1000BaseLX
(1300 ) : 550 (62,5 );550 (50 ) : 5
(9 )
1000BaseCX (STP/) 25
1000BaseT 4- 5 100
(. 1).
( 1998 .)
IEEE 802.3z ,
(Differential Mode Delay, DMD).
()
.
,
.
, ,
.
,
,
.
(jitter) ,
802.3z Task Force .
,
,
,
.
.
Gigabit Ethernet -
. Ethernet Fast Ethernet
2 10BaseT
200 100BaseT.
Ethernet - ,
( - time slot) CSMA/CD - Gigabit
Ethernet 20 . ,
" ", 802.3z
,
200 . MAC
Gigabit Ethernet, 200
,
64 .
(carrier
extension). . Gigabit
Ethernet 512 ,
, . .
.
, :
(jam signal) (back-off
algorithm).
, , ()
(64 ),
12,5% (125 / 100 /). ,
, 200-500
, 300-400 /.
, - ,
.
Gigabit Ethernet
( , " ",
"bursting",
,
, ()).
.
,
, .
AMD ,
Gigabit Ethernet
720 / (. 2).
( )
, CSMA/CD
.
,
, CSMA/CD .
,
,
. ,
72-
2 /.
, ,
.
(
)
.
,
IEEE 802.3. Ethernet,
;
Ethernet, ,
.
.
Gigabit Ethernet.
802.3, ,
, . .
()
, "
" (pause frame)
.
.
, .
, Gigabit Ethernet
,
, Gigabit Ethernet
.
Fast Ethernet Gigabit Ethernet
,
Fast Ethernet. Gigabit
Ethernet
.
-
Fast Ethernet FDDI.
, , , , -
, (
, FDDI),
. ,
( ),
.
Gigabit Ethernet,
, ( Alteon Networks,
Extreme Networks, Foun-dry Networks, Packet Engines Prominet)
, (3Com, Bay Networks, Cabletron, Cisco
Systems).
-
(wire-speed throughput)
. - , Ace-Switch
Alteon - .
Ace-Switch 10/100 /
Gigabit Ethernet, - 2,5
/. "
", -
Gigabit Ethernet , DynCorp.
,
, ,
Predictive Systems.
" , - . -
?
?
?"
,
. " Gigabit Ethernet
; , ", -
-.
, Rapid City Communications ( Bay),
Extreme Foundry,
. - , Pro-minet -
.
, ,
LAN, ,
,
MAC-. , ,
, - ,
.
QoS RSVP (Resource Reservation
Protocol) Gigabit Ethernet? ,
. "RSVP
; ,
", - -. ,
. Internet Engineering Task
Force RSVP QoS
ATM,
. " ", -
. , QoS ,
.
Gigabit Ethernet 1998 .,
,
,
. ,
,
.
Gigabit Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet (GE) .
Ethernet 10
100 / ,
Ethernet 1 / ,
. Gigabit Ethernet
Ethernet. GE-
, ,
, .
Gigabit Ethernet,
1997 ., ,
.
: (network interface card - NIC) Gigabit Ethernet,
Ethernet- 100 / 1 /,
,
, .
. 1 /
, NIC
-. GE-
.
, . 32-
PCI 1 /,
64- PCI
(2 /).
,
.
100%
,
. Gigabit Ethernet
RISC-,
, .
, .
.
.
,
.
,
. ,
. ,
.
Gigabit Ethernet
, , .
: GE-,
- .
,
Fast Ethernet Gigabit Ethernet ,
,
/c. , ,
Fast Ehternet,
.
.
Gigabit Ethernet
10 100 /.
,
, , ,
. ,
(quality-of-service - QoS),
,
Gigabit Ethernet.
GE-
,
,
.
QoS
Real-time Transfer Protocol Resource
Reservation Protocol .
GE-
, ,
.
. Gigabit
Ethernet
,
, .
Gigabit Ethernet
QoS - (
) .
,
,
.
Gigabit Ethernet,
Ethernet,
.
Gigabit Ethernet UTP
,
(unshielded twisted pair -
UTP).
(ISO 11801),
100 .
,
,
-
. , 1000 /
, 100 ,
;
.
Gigabit Ethernet.
Ethernet,
Gigabit Ethernet,
. , , Gigabit
Ethernet , ,
.
, ,
. Gigabit Ethernet
.
. ,
, , .
-
, ,
Ethernet, .
, , Gigabit
Ethernet
Ethernet.
. Gigabit Ethernet, ,
,
, .
Gigabit Ethernet? ,
, 1998 .
,
. ,
. ,
,
, 100 /.
1998 ,
,
. 80
Gigabit Ethernet Alliance. ,
- .
.
, ,
, 80% Gigabit
Ethernet. , ,
40 (
). ,
. ,
, . ,
.
Gigabit Ethernet? ,
Fast Ethernet,
. ,
,
Fast Ethernet. ,
, - ,
,
.
ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode -
), .
, Ethernet ,
?
, ,
ATM, .
,
Gigabit
Ethernet.
Gigabit Ethernet
, , ,
.
, Gigabit Ethernet
Fast Ethernet,
,
.
. ,
, ,
,
.
.
, , 1 ,
.
- . ,
, .
,
.
- .
Gigabit Ethernet , ,
,
. ,
.
. 802.3
"" ,
.
Ethernet, Fast Ethernet Gigabit
Ethernet. ,
,
.
Gigabit Ethernet QoS,
, ATM.
, RSVP RTP,
Gigabit Ethernet,
, ,
, ,
.
IEEE 802.1q
(Virtual LAN, VLAN), 802.1p -
,
.
, ,
, , . "
RSVP, ", -
, Foundry Networks.
RSVP .
.
802.3
,
, Gigabit Ethernet.
802.3z
CSMA/CD Gigabit Ethernet,
200 .
64
512 . 512 ,
.
, Gigabit Ethernet
3Com, " ,
,
Gigabit Ethernet".
,
, (Differential Mode
Delay).
Gigabit Ethernet 802.3z
Gigabit Ethernet .
Gigabit Ethernet
260, 440 550 ,
. 3
.
.
() Gigabit
Ethernet, ()
Gigabit Ethernet .
-
.
, Gigabit Ethernet ( 64
1500 ), Ethernet Fast Ethernet.
Ethernet 1500 9000 .
- (jumbo-frames),
Alteon Networks. ,
, ,
, FDDI.
-
.
FDDI
Fiber Distribution Data Interface FDDI 80-
.
10 / ,
.
, FDDI
. -
.
Ethernet FDDI ,
.
100 , . FDDI Token
Ring! Token Ring ,
. FDDI -
.
,
.
, .
,
, 20000 ,
4500 ,
Ethernet. ,
, Ethernet,
1516 .
FDDI - .
.
.
. ,
,
.
, .
FDDI
, 99%
.
FDDI.
Fibre Channel
, ,
, .
, , -
,
. , ,
, ,
, ,
.
. , ,
.
- . ,
- 100
/,
(1024768, 32 , 30 /)
755 /.
, , ,
, , ,
,
, .
:
, . , ,
. ,
.
,
Fibre Channel (FC).
Fibre Channel IBM, Sun
HP Fibre Channel Association.
FC - , ,
.
.
. , FC
IP.
,
.
100
/ - 1/. - 10 .
, ,
.
- FC
FDDI IP. SCSI,
. ,
FC- FC,
.
FC- .
,
. ,
.
1 -
.
2 - ,
.
3 -
.
, Intermix.
,
,
. ,
,
.
FC-, , .
, ,
. -
-. , " "
(Arbitrated Loop),
,
.
, .
, ATM
FDDI.
FC . ,
,
FC,
.
frame relay
(frame relay, FR) -
() (
). FR
(ISDN -
Integrated Services Digital Networks), , FR
( ,
).
, ,
,
.
FR
:
Frame Relay Forum (FRF) - ,
300 , 3Com, Northern
Telecom, Digital, Cisco, Netrix, Ascom Timeplex, Newbridge Networks,
Zilog .; American National Standards Institute (ANSI,
);
(ITU-T).
( )
,
- .
.
( FRF) ,
ANSI,
FRF. 1992 .
FRF FRF.
FR
FR -
"" -
HDLC (High Level Data Link Control). FR
HDLC;
HDLC FR (
HDLC ).
FR (.1) .
1. frame relay.
FR HDLC ,
(
, HDLC).
.
-
() . , FR
.
FR
FR HDLC
. ,
, .
, FR,
- .
FR ,
. , -
:
;
;
;
FCS;
( ,
FCS);
DLCI;
(
FR ,
).
FR :
""
;
DLCI
;
- (
).
FR
(Local Management Interface - LMI). LMI (
) UNI. FR
FR (" FR") FR- - / FR
(FR assembler/disassembler, FRAD).
,
FR
, :
""
(,
);
( )
;
,
.
,
FR,
:
FR ( );
,
FR;
(Committed Information Rate,
CIR), ;
(Committed Burst Size, Bc) -
;
(Excess Burst Size, Be) -
.
.
( )
PVC.
FR " "
.
( )
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CIR, ,
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). ,
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"1".
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DLCI FR
; ,
.
,
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, DLCI ,
PVC. FR .
DLCI
.
FR (ANSI, ITU-T) DLCI
:
0 - (LMI);
13/415 - ; 1
63/4991 - PVC SVC;
9923/41007 -
;
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1023 - ( ,
"" ,
).
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976 DLCI.
FR ,
,
( ).
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. ,
.
, FR
.
(LMI) , ,
PVC. LMI
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:
, PVC;
PVC;
.
FR LMI
, ,
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LMI.
FR SVC.
LMI
LMI
FR. FR
LMI,
FR LMI.
. 4 (
) .
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 : DCLCI=0, CR=0
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 DE=0, FECN=0, DECN=0
4 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
5 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ( SVC)
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
...
...
N-
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
4. LMI.
. FR, DLCI
"0", , - LMI.
.
"00000011",
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. "00001000",
ISDN.
. SVC.
PVC "00000000".
.
, LMI.
- "
", " " " ".
SVC, - PVC.
"0", 7...5 - "111",
. ,
. 5.
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
0 1 1 1 - - - -
0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1
0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1
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.
.
LMI, . .
.
LMI
LMI :
();
();
().
.
: " " (STATUS ENQUIRY) ""
(STATUS). LMI ,
, PVC.
.
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, ,
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.
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(-).
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(T391), "" -
"" (T392),
(N391).
.
( )
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3,5 M ,
PVC.
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.
.
, FR SVC PVC,
.
,
,
. FR ,
( ).
, ,
( FR),
-
.
frame relay (FR)
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(),
.
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()
,
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